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1998 FIFA World Cup

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"World Cup 98" redirects here. For the video game, see World Cup 98 (video game).
"FIFA 98" redirects here. For the video game, see FIFA: Road to World Cup 98.
"France 98" redirects here. For the charity association, see France 98 (charity association).
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1998 FIFA World Cup
Coupe du Monde – France 98 (French)
Tournament details
Host countryFrance
Dates10 June – 12 July
Teams32 (from 5 confederations)
Venue(s)10 (in 10 host cities)
Final positions
Champions France (1st title)
Runners-up Brazil
Third place Croatia
Fourth place Netherlands
Tournament statistics
Matches played64
Goals scored171 (2.67 per match)
Attendance2,785,100 (43,517 per match)
Top scorer(s)Croatia Davor Šuker (6 goals)
Best player(s)Brazil Ronaldo
Best young playerEngland Michael Owen
Best goalkeeperFrance Fabien Barthez
Fair play award England
 France
← 1994
2002 →

The 1998 FIFA World Cup was the 16th FIFA World Cup, the football world championship for men's national teams. The finals tournament was held in France from 10 June to 12 July 1998. The country was chosen as the host nation by FIFA for the second time in the history of the tournament (the first was in 1938), defeating Morocco in the bidding process. It was the ninth time that it was held in Europe. Spanning 32 days, it was the longest World Cup tournament ever held.

Qualification for the finals began in March 1996 and concluded in November 1997. For the first time in the competition, the group stage was expanded from 24 teams to 32, with eight groups of four. 64 matches were played in 10 stadiums in 10 host cities, with the opening match and final staged at the newly built Stade de France in the Parisian commune of Saint-Denis.

The tournament was won by host country France, who beat defending champions Brazil 3–0 in the final. France won their first title, becoming the seventh nation to win a World Cup, and the sixth (after Uruguay, Italy, England, West Germany and Argentina) to win the World Cup on home soil. As of 2022, they are the most recent team to win the tournament on home soil. Croatia, Jamaica, Japan and South Africa made their first appearances in the finals.

Host selection

[edit]
Main article: FIFA World Cup hosts

France was awarded the 1998 World Cup on 2 July 1992 by the executive committee of FIFA during a general meeting in Zürich, Switzerland. They defeated Morocco by 12 votes to 7.[1][2] Switzerland withdrew, due to being unable to meet FIFA's requirements. This made France the third country to host two World Cups, after Mexico and Italy in 1986 and 1990 respectively. France previously hosted the third edition of the World Cup in 1938. England, who hosted the competition in 1966 and won it, were among the original applicants, but later withdrew their application in favour of an ultimately successful bid to host UEFA Euro 1996.

Voting results[3]
Country Round 1
France 12
Morocco 7

Bribery and corruption investigations

[edit]

On 4 June 2015, while co-operating with the FBI and the Swiss authorities, Chuck Blazer confirmed that he and other members of FIFA's executive committee were bribed during the 1998 and 2010 World Cups host selection process. Blazer stated that "we facilitated bribes in conjunction with the selection of the host nation for the 1998 World Cup". Since France won the selection process it was initially thought the bribery came from its bid committee. It eventually transpired that the bribe payment was from the failed Moroccan bid.[4][5][6]

Qualification

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup qualification

The qualification draw for the 1998 World Cup finals took place in the Musée du Louvre, Paris on 12 December 1995.[7] As tournament hosts, France was exempt from the draw as was defending champion Brazil, but it was also France's first World Cup since 1986. 174 teams from six confederations participated, 24 more than in the previous round. Fourteen countries qualified from the European zone (in addition to hosts France). Ten were determined after group play – nine group winners and the best second-placed team; the other eight group runners-up were drawn into pairs of four play-off matches with the winners qualifying for the finals as well.[8] CONMEBOL (South America) and CAF (Africa) were each given five spots in the final tournament, while three spots were contested between 30 CONCACAF members in the North and Central America and the Caribbean zone. The winner of the Oceanian zone advanced to an intercontinental play-off against the runner-up of the Asian play-off, determined by the two best second-placed teams.

Four nations qualified for the first time: Croatia, Jamaica, Japan and South Africa. The last team to qualify was Iran by virtue of beating Australia in a two-legged tie on 29 November 1997.[9] It marked their first appearance in the finals since 1978, Chile qualified for the first time since 1982, after serving a ban that saw them miss out on the two previous tournaments. Paraguay and Denmark returned for the first time since 1986. Austria, England, Scotland and Yugoslavia returned after missing out on the 1994 tournament, with the Balkan team now appearing under the name of FR Yugoslavia. Among the teams who failed to qualify were two-time winners Uruguay (for the second successive tournament); Portugal (their last absence as of 2022); Sweden, who finished third in 1994; Russia (who failed to qualify for the first time since 1978 after losing to Italy in the play-off round); and the Republic of Ireland, who had qualified for the previous two tournaments.[10] The highest-ranked team not to qualify was the UEFA Euro 1996 runners-up the Czech Republic (ranked 3rd), while the lowest-ranked team that did qualify was Nigeria (ranked 74th).

As of 2022, this was the last time Austria, Bulgaria, Norway, Romania and Scotland qualified for a FIFA World Cup finals, and the only time Jamaica have qualified.

List of qualified teams

[edit]
See also: 1998 FIFA World Cup seeding

The following 32 teams, shown with final pre-tournament rankings,[11] qualified for the final tournament.

Venues

[edit]

France's bid to host the World Cup centered on a national stadium with 80,000 seats and nine other stadiums located across the country.[12] When the finals were originally awarded in July 1992, none of the regional club grounds were of a capacity meeting FIFA's requirements – namely being able to safely seat 40,000.[12] The proposed national stadium, colloquially referred to as the 'Grand stade', met with controversy at every stage of planning; the stadium's location was determined by politics, finance and national symbolism.[13] As Mayor of Paris, Jacques Chirac successfully negotiated a deal with Prime Minister Édouard Balladur to bring the Stade de France, as it was now called, to the commune of Saint-Denis just north of the capital city.[13] Construction on the stadium started in December 1995 and was completed after 26 months of work in November 1997 at a cost of ₣2.67 billion.[14]

The choice of stadium locations was drafted from an original list of 14 cities.[15] FIFA and CFO monitored the progress and quality of preparations, culminating in the former providing final checks of the grounds weeks before the tournament commenced. Montpellier was the surprise inclusion from the final list of cities because of its low urban hierarchy in comparison to Strasbourg, who boasted a better hierarchy and success from its local football team, having been taken over by a consortium. Montpellier however was considered ambitious by the selecting panel to host World Cup matches. The local city and regional authorities in particular had invested heavily into football the previous two decades and were able to measure economic effects, in terms of jobs as early as in 1997.[16] Some of the venues used for this tournament were also used for the previous World Cup in France in 1938. The Stade Vélodrome in Marseille, the Stade Municipal in Toulouse, the Gerland in Lyon, the Parc Lescure in Bordeaux and the Parc des Princes in Paris received the honour of hosting World Cup matches once again in 1998 as they had all done in 1938.

10 stadiums were used for the finals; in addition to nine matches being played at the Stade de France (the most used stadium in the tournament), a further six matches took place in Paris Saint-Germain's Parc des Princes, bringing Paris's total matches hosted to 15. France played four of their seven matches in the national stadium; they also played in the country's second and third largest cities, Marseille (hosting 7 total matches) and Lyon (hosting 6 total matches), as well as a Round of 16 knockout match in the northern city of Lens (also hosting 6 total matches). Nantes, Toulouse, Bordeaux, Montpellier and Saint-Etienne also hosted 6 matches in total; all of the stadiums used also hosted knockout round matches.

Paris (Saint-Denis) Marseille Paris Lyon
Stade de France Stade Vélodrome Parc des Princes Stade de Gerland
48°55′28″N 2°21′36″E / 48.92444°N 2.36000°E / 48.92444; 2.36000 (Stade de France) 43°16′11″N 5°23′45″E / 43.26972°N 5.39583°E / 43.26972; 5.39583 (Stade Vélodrome) 48°50′29″N 2°15′11″E / 48.84139°N 2.25306°E / 48.84139; 2.25306 (Parc des Princes) 45°43′26″N 4°49′56″E / 45.72389°N 4.83222°E / 45.72389; 4.83222 (Stade de Gerland)
Capacity: 80,000 Capacity: 60,000 Capacity: 48,875 Capacity: 44,000
Lens
Stade Félix-Bollaert
50°25′58.26″N 2°48′53.47″E / 50.4328500°N 2.8148528°E / 50.4328500; 2.8148528 (Stade Félix-Bollaert)
Capacity: 41,300
Nantes
Stade de la Beaujoire
47°15′20.27″N 1°31′31.35″W / 47.2556306°N 1.5253750°W / 47.2556306; -1.5253750 (Stade de la Beaujoire)
Capacity: 39,500
Toulouse Saint-Étienne Bordeaux Montpellier
Stadium de Toulouse Stade Geoffroy-Guichard Parc Lescure Stade de la Mosson
43°34′59.93″N 1°26′2.57″E / 43.5833139°N 1.4340472°E / 43.5833139; 1.4340472 (Stadium de Toulouse) 45°27′38.76″N 4°23′24.42″E / 45.4607667°N 4.3901167°E / 45.4607667; 4.3901167 (Stade Geoffroy-Guichard) 44°49′45″N 0°35′52″W / 44.82917°N 0.59778°W / 44.82917; -0.59778 (Parc Lescure) 43°37′19.85″N 3°48′43.28″E / 43.6221806°N 3.8120222°E / 43.6221806; 3.8120222 (Stade de la Mosson)
Capacity: 37,000 Capacity: 36,000 Capacity: 35,200 Capacity: 34,000

Innovations

[edit]

Technologies

[edit]

This was the first FIFA World Cup where fourth officials used electronic boards, instead of cardboard.[17]

Rule changes

[edit]

This was the first World Cup since the introduction of golden goals,[17] banning of tackles from behind that endanger the safety of an opponent[18] and allowance of three substitutions per game.[19]

Match officials

[edit]

34 referees and 33 assistants officiated in the 1998 World Cup.[20] As a result of the extension to 32 teams in the finals, there was an increase of 10 referees and 11 officials from the 1994 World Cup.[20]

CAF (5)
AFC (4)
UEFA (15)
CONCACAF (3)
OFC (1)
CONMEBOL (6)

Draw

[edit]

Further information: 1998 FIFA World Cup seeding

The FIFA Organising Committee announced the eight seeded teams on 3 December 1997. The historic tradition to seed the hosts (France) and holders (Brazil) was upheld; while the remaining six seeds were granted for the other top7-ranked teams, based on their results obtained in the last three FIFA World Cups (ratio 3:2:1, counting in total 60%) and their FIFA World Ranking position in the last month of the past three years (equal ratio, counting in total 40%).[21][22]

For the draw, the 32 teams were allocated into four pots. The eight top-seeded teams were allocated in pot A and would be drawn/selected into the first position of the eight groups playing in the group stage. The remaining 24 unseeded teams were allocated into three pots based on geographical sections, with the: Nine European teams in pot B; four Asian teams and three South American teams in pot C; five African teams and three North American teams in pot D.[23]

The general principle was to draw one team from each pot into the eight groups, although with special combined procedures for pot B and pot C, due to comprising more/less than eight teams - but sixteen teams in total. At the same time, the draw also needed to respect the geographical limitation, that each group could not feature more than one team from each confederation, except for the European teams where the limitation was maximum two per group.[23]

Pot A
Top-seeded teams
(DC + Host + Top7 seeds) 		Pot B
Europe
(UEFA) 		Pot C
Asia & South America
(AFC & CONMEBOL) 		Pot D
Africa & North America
(CAF & CONCACAF)

For the first time in history, the draw event took place in a football stadium, with 38,000 spectators and an estimated 1 billion TV viewers. The draw was officiated by FIFA secretary general Sepp Blatter. Teams were drawn by football legends Franz Beckenbauer, Carlos Alberto Parreira, George Weah and Raymond Kopa.[24]

Organiser Michel Platini, who later became president of UEFA, admitted in 2018 that the draw for the group stage of the competition had been fixed so that France and Brazil were kept apart until the final, telling France Bleu Sport: "We did a bit of trickery. When we were organising the schedule. We did not spend six years organising the World Cup to not do some little shenanigans".[25]

The statement from Platini referred to the fact that, shortly before the World Cup finals draw took place, the FIFA Organising Committee had met to finalise the draw process. At this meeting, the committee had approved the proposal to assign host nation France to group position C1 and defending champions Brazil to group position A1 ahead of the draw. As the tournament structure was also predetermined so that the winners of Groups A, D, E and H, and the runners-up of Groups B, C, F and G would be kept apart from the group winners of B, C, F and G, and the runners-up of Group A, D, E and H until the final; thus, France and Brazil could avoid meeting each other until the final if both teams finished in the same position in the top two of their respective groups.[26]

Procedure for the draw:[23]

  1. Pot A was used to draw the remaining six top-seeded teams for the first position of groups B, D, E, F, G and H.
  2. Pot D was used to draw one team to each of the eight groups (drawing in the alphabetic order from A to H).
  3. Pot B was used to draw one team to each of the eight groups (drawing in the alphabetic order from A to H).
  4. As per the FIFA rule of only allowing a maximum of two UEFA teams in each group, the remaining ninth team from Pot B, was subject to a second draw, to be put in either of the groups containing a top-seeded South American (CONMEBOL) team.
  5. Pot C was used to draw one team to each of the seven groups with an empty spot (drawing in alphabetical order from A to H). However, as each group could only contain one South American (CONMEBOL) team, the first Asian (AFC) team drawn would not be drawn into a group in alphabetical order, but instead be drawn into the remaining open group with a top-seeded South American (CONMEBOL) team.
  6. To decide the match schedules, the exact group position number for the un-seeded teams in each group (2, 3 or 4), were also drawn immediately from eight special group bowls, after each respective team had been drawn from pot D, B and C.

Draw results and group fixtures

[edit]

The draw resulted in the following eight groups:[23]

In each group, the teams played three matches, one against each of the other teams. Three points were awarded for each win, while a draw was worth one point. After completion of the group stage, the two teams with the most points in each group would advance to the knockout stage, with each group winner facing the runner-up from one of the other groups in the round of 16. This was a new format for the World Cup, following the expansion from 24 teams in 1994. A total of 64 games were played, including the final and a third-place play-off between the losers of the two semi-finals.

The fixtures for the group stage were decided based on the draw results, as follows:

Group stage schedule
Matchday Dates Matches
Matchday 1 10–15 June 1998 1 v 2, 3 v 4
Matchday 2 16–22 June 1998 1 v 3, 2 v 4
Matchday 3 23–26 June 1998 4 v 1, 2 v 3

Squads

[edit]
Further information: 1998 FIFA World Cup squads

As with the preceding tournament, each team's squad for the 1998 World Cup finals consisted of 22 players. Each participating national association had to confirm their final 22-player squad by 1 June 1998.

Out of the 704 players participating in the 1998 World Cup, 447 were signed up with a European club; 90 in Asia, 67 in South America, 61 in Northern and Central America and 37 in Africa.[27] 75 played their club football in England – five more than Italy and Spain. Barcelona of Spain was the club contributing to the most players in the tournament with 13 players on their side.[27]

The average age of all teams was 27 years, 8 months – five months older than the previous tournament.[28] Samuel Eto'o of Cameroon was the youngest player selected in the competition at 17 years, 3 months, while the oldest was Jim Leighton of Scotland at 39 years, 11 months.[28]

Group stage

[edit]

All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+2)

Group A

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Group A

Defending champions Brazil won Group A after only two matches as the nation achieved victories over Scotland (2–1) and Morocco (3–0). Heading into the third game, Brazil had nothing to play for but still started its regulars against Norway, who was looking to upset Brazil once again. Needing a victory, Norway overturned a 1–0 deficit with 7 minutes remaining to defeat Brazil 2–1, with Kjetil Rekdal scoring[29] the winning penalty to send Norway into the knockout stage for the first time.[30]

Norway's victory denied Morocco a chance at the Round of 16, despite winning 3–0 against Scotland. It was only Morocco's second ever victory at a World Cup, having recorded its first previous win 12 years earlier on 11 June 1986.

Scotland managed only one point, coming in a 1–1 draw against Norway, and failed to get out of the first round for an eighth time in the FIFA World Cup, a record that stands to this date.

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Brazil 3 2 0 1 6 3 +3 6 Advance to knockout stage
2  Norway 3 1 2 0 5 4 +1 5
3  Morocco 3 1 1 1 5 5 0 4
4  Scotland 3 0 1 2 2 6 −4 1
Source: FIFA
Brazil 2–1 Scotland
César Sampaio 5'
Boyd 74' (o.g.)		 Report Collins 38' (pen.)
Attendance: 80,000
Morocco 2–2 Norway
Hadji 37'
Hadda 60'		 Report Chippo 45+1' (o.g.)
Eggen 61'
Attendance: 29,800
Scotland 1–1 Norway
Burley 66' Report H. Flo 46'
Attendance: 31,800
Brazil 3–0 Morocco
Ronaldo 9'
Rivaldo 45+2'
Bebeto 50'		 Report
Attendance: 35,500
Scotland 0–3 Morocco
Report Bassir 23', 85'
Hadda 46'
Attendance: 30,600
Brazil 1–2 Norway
Bebeto 78' Report T. A. Flo 83'
Rekdal 89' (pen.)
Attendance: 55,000

Group B

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Group B

Italy and Chile progressed to the second round, while Austria failed to win for the first time since 1958 and Cameroon failed to get out of the group stage for the second time in a row.

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Italy 3 2 1 0 7 3 +4 7 Advance to knockout stage
2  Chile 3 0 3 0 4 4 0 3
3  Austria 3 0 2 1 3 4 −1 2
4  Cameroon 3 0 2 1 2 5 −3 2
Source: FIFA
Italy 2–2 Chile
Vieri 10'
R. Baggio 84' (pen.)		 Report Salas 45+3', 50'
Attendance: 31,800
Cameroon 1–1 Austria
Njanka 77' Report Polster 90+1'
Attendance: 33,500
Chile 1–1 Austria
Salas 70' Report Vastić 90+2'
Attendance: 30,600
Italy 3–0 Cameroon
Di Biagio 7'
Vieri 75', 89'		 Report
Attendance: 29,800
Italy 2–1 Austria
Vieri 48'
R. Baggio 90'		 Report Herzog 90+2' (pen.)
Attendance: 80,000
Referee: Paul Durkin (England)
Chile 1–1 Cameroon
Sierra 20' Report Mboma 56'
Attendance: 35,500

Group C

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Group C

France, the host nation, swept Group C when the start of their path to their first FIFA World Cup trophy culminated with their 2–1 win over Denmark, who despite their loss, progressed to the second round. Saudi Arabia, after a good performance four years earlier, finished bottom with only one point. Debutant South Africa grabbed two points and also exited at the group stage.

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  France (H) 3 3 0 0 9 1 +8 9 Advance to knockout stage
2  Denmark 3 1 1 1 3 3 0 4
3  South Africa 3 0 2 1 3 6 −3 2
4  Saudi Arabia 3 0 1 2 2 7 −5 1
Source: FIFA
(H) Hosts
Saudi Arabia 0–1 Denmark
Report Rieper 69'
Attendance: 38,100
France 3–0 South Africa
Dugarry 36'
Issa 77' (o.g.)
Henry 90+2'		 Report
Attendance: 55,000
South Africa 1–1 Denmark
McCarthy 51' Report A. Nielsen 12'
Attendance: 33,500
France 4–0 Saudi Arabia
Henry 37', 78'
Trezeguet 68'
Lizarazu 85'		 Report
Attendance: 80,000
France 2–1 Denmark
Djorkaeff 12' (pen.)
Petit 56'		 Report M. Laudrup 42' (pen.)
Attendance: 39,100
South Africa 2–2 Saudi Arabia
Bartlett 18', 90+3' (pen.) Report Al-Jaber 45+2' (pen.)
Al-Thunayan 74' (pen.)
Attendance: 31,800

Group D

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Group D

Nigeria and Paraguay advanced to the Round of 16 after a surprise elimination of top seed Spain, while Bulgaria failed to repeat their surprise performance from the previous tournament.

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Nigeria 3 2 0 1 5 5 0 6 Advance to knockout stage
2  Paraguay 3 1 2 0 3 1 +2 5
3  Spain 3 1 1 1 8 4 +4 4
4  Bulgaria 3 0 1 2 1 7 −6 1
Source: FIFA
Paraguay 0–0 Bulgaria
Report
Attendance: 29,800
Spain 2–3 Nigeria
Hierro 21'
Raúl 47'		 Report Adepoju 24'
Zubizarreta 73' (o.g.)
Oliseh 78'
Attendance: 35,500
Nigeria 1–0 Bulgaria
Ikpeba 28' Report
Attendance: 45,500
Spain 0–0 Paraguay
Report
Attendance: 30,600
Nigeria 1–3 Paraguay
Oruma 11' Report Ayala 1'
Benítez 58'
Cardozo 86'
Attendance: 33,500
Spain 6–1 Bulgaria
Hierro 6' (pen.)
Luis Enrique 18'
Morientes 55', 81'
Bachev 88' (o.g.)
Kiko 90+4'		 Report Kostadinov 58'
Attendance: 38,100

Group E

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Group E

The Netherlands and Mexico advanced with the same record, with the former placing first on goal difference. Belgium and eventual 2002 FIFA World Cup co-hosts South Korea failed to advance.

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Netherlands 3 1 2 0 7 2 +5 5 Advance to knockout stage
2  Mexico 3 1 2 0 7 5 +2 5
3  Belgium 3 0 3 0 3 3 0 3
4  South Korea 3 0 1 2 2 9 −7 1
Source: FIFA
South Korea 1–3 Mexico
Ha Seok-ju 27' Report Peláez 50'
Hernández 75', 84'
Attendance: 39,100
Netherlands 0–0 Belgium
Report
Attendance: 77,000
Belgium 2–2 Mexico
Wilmots 42', 47' Report García Aspe 55' (pen.)
Blanco 62'
Attendance: 31,800
Netherlands 5–0 South Korea
Cocu 37'
Overmars 41'
Bergkamp 71'
Van Hooijdonk 80'
R. de Boer 83'		 Report
Attendance: 55,000
Netherlands 2–2 Mexico
Cocu 4'
R. de Boer 18'		 Report Peláez 75'
Hernández 90+4'
Attendance: 30,600
Belgium 1–1 South Korea
Nilis 7' Report Yoo Sang-chul 72'
Attendance: 45,500

Group F

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Group F

Germany and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia advanced, each with 7 points (Germany took 1st through goal differential tiebreak). Iran and 1994 host United States failed to advance.

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Germany 3 2 1 0 6 2 +4 7 Advance to knockout stage
2  FR Yugoslavia 3 2 1 0 4 2 +2 7
3  Iran 3 1 0 2 2 4 −2 3
4  United States 3 0 0 3 1 5 −4 0
Source: FIFA
FR Yugoslavia 1–0 Iran
Mihajlović 73' Report
Attendance: 30,600
Referee: Alberto Tejada (Peru)
Germany 2–0 United States
Möller 9'
Klinsmann 65'		 Report
Attendance: 45,500
Germany 2–2 FR Yugoslavia
Mihajlović 72' (o.g.)
Bierhoff 78'		 Report Mijatović 13'
Stojković 52'
Attendance: 38,100
Main article: United States v Iran (1998 FIFA World Cup)
United States 1–2 Iran
McBride 87' Report Estili 40'
Mahdavikia 84'
Attendance: 39,100
Germany 2–0 Iran
Bierhoff 50'
Klinsmann 57'		 Report
Attendance: 29,800
United States 0–1 FR Yugoslavia
Report Komljenović 4'
Attendance: 35,500

Group G

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Group G

Romania topped the group over England, while Colombia and Tunisia were unable to reach the last 16, despite Colombia having one win.

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Romania 3 2 1 0 4 2 +2 7 Advance to knockout stage
2  England 3 2 0 1 5 2 +3 6
3  Colombia 3 1 0 2 1 3 −2 3
4  Tunisia 3 0 1 2 1 4 −3 1
Source: FIFA
England 2–0 Tunisia
Shearer 42'
Scholes 89'		 Report
Attendance: 54,587
Romania 1–0 Colombia
Ilie 45+1' Report
Attendance: 39,100
Colombia 1–0 Tunisia
Preciado 83' Report
Attendance: 29,800
Romania 2–1 England
Moldovan 46'
Petrescu 90'		 Report Owen 81'
Attendance: 33,500
Referee: Marc Batta (France)
Colombia 0–2 England
Report Anderton 20'
Beckham 29'
Attendance: 38,100
Romania 1–1 Tunisia
Moldovan 71' Report Souayah 12' (pen.)
Attendance: 77,000

Group H

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H

Argentina finished at the top of Group H against three debutants. Croatia took the runners-up spot while Jamaica and Japan failed to advance.

Pos Team
 Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Qualification
1  Argentina 3 3 0 0 7 0 +7 9 Advance to knockout stage
2  Croatia 3 2 0 1 4 2 +2 6
3  Jamaica 3 1 0 2 3 9 −6 3
4  Japan 3 0 0 3 1 4 −3 0
Source: FIFA
Argentina 1–0 Japan
Batistuta 28' Report
Attendance: 33,500
Jamaica 1–3 Croatia
Earle 45' Report Stanić 27'
Prosinečki 53'
Šuker 69'
Attendance: 38,100
Japan 0–1 Croatia
Report Šuker 77'
Attendance: 35,500
Argentina 5–0 Jamaica
Ortega 32', 55'
Batistuta 73', 78', 83' (pen.)		 Report
Attendance: 45,500
Argentina 1–0 Croatia
Pineda 36' Report
Attendance: 31,800
Japan 1–2 Jamaica
Nakayama 74' Report Whitmore 39', 54'
Attendance: 39,100

Knockout stage

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup knockout stage

The knockout stage comprised the 16 teams that advanced from the group stage of the tournament. For each game in the knockout stage, any draw at 90 minutes was followed by 30 minutes of extra time; if scores were still level, there was a penalty shoot-out to determine who progressed to the next round. The Golden goal rule was also used, whereby if a team scored during extra time, they would immediately win the game.

Bracket

[edit]

The first games were played on 27 June 1998, and the final took place on 12 July 1998 in Paris.

 
Round of 16Quarter-finalsSemi-finalsFinal
 
              
 
27 June – Paris
 
 
 Brazil4
 
3 July – Nantes
 
 Chile1
 
 Brazil3
 
28 June – Saint-Denis
 
 Denmark2
 
 Nigeria1
 
7 July – Marseille
 
 Denmark4
 
 Brazil (p)1 (4)
 
29 June – Toulouse
 
 Netherlands1 (2)
 
 Netherlands2
 
4 July – Marseille
 
 FR Yugoslavia1
 
 Netherlands2
 
30 June – Saint-Étienne
 
 Argentina1
 
 Argentina (p)2 (4)
 
12 July – Saint-Denis
 
 England2 (3)
 
 Brazil0
 
27 June – Marseille
 
 France3
 
 Italy1
 
3 July – Saint-Denis
 
 Norway0
 
 Italy0 (3)
 
28 June – Lens
 
 France (p)0 (4)
 
 France (a.s.d.e.t.)1
 
8 July – Saint-Denis
 
 Paraguay0
 
 France2
 
29 June – Montpellier
 
 Croatia1 Third place play-off
 
 Germany2
 
4 July – Lyon11 July – Paris
 
 Mexico1
 
 Germany0 Netherlands1
 
30 June – Bordeaux
 
 Croatia3  Croatia2
 
 Romania0
 
 
 Croatia1
 

Round of 16

[edit]
Italy 1–0 Norway
Vieri 18' Report
Attendance: 55,000
Brazil 4–1 Chile
Sampaio 11', 26'
Ronaldo 45+3' (pen.), 72'		 Report Salas 70'
Attendance: 45,500
Referee: Marc Batta (France)
France 1–0 (a.e.t./g.g.) Paraguay
Blanc gold-colored soccer ball 114' Report
Attendance: 31,800
Nigeria 1–4 Denmark
Babangida 77' Report Møller 3'
B. Laudrup 12'
Sand 58'
Helveg 76'
Attendance: 77,000
Germany 2–1 Mexico
Klinsmann 74'
Bierhoff 86'		 Report Hernández 47'
Attendance: 29,800
Netherlands 2–1 FR Yugoslavia
Bergkamp 38'
Davids 90+2'		 Report Komljenović 48'
Attendance: 33,500
Romania 0–1 Croatia
Report Šuker 45+2' (pen.)
Attendance: 31,800
Argentina 2–2 (a.e.t.) England
Batistuta 5' (pen.)
Zanetti 45+1'		 Report Shearer 9' (pen.)
Owen 16'
Penalties
Berti soccer ball with check mark
Crespo soccer ball with red X
Verón soccer ball with check mark
Gallardo soccer ball with check mark
Ayala soccer ball with check mark		 4–3 soccer ball with check mark Shearer
soccer ball with red X Ince
soccer ball with check mark Merson
soccer ball with check mark Owen
soccer ball with red X Batty
Attendance: 30,600

Quarter-finals

[edit]
Italy 0–0 (a.e.t.) France
Report
Penalties
R. Baggio soccer ball with check mark
Albertini soccer ball with red X
Costacurta soccer ball with check mark
Vieri soccer ball with check mark
Di Biagio soccer ball with red X		 3–4 soccer ball with check mark Zidane
soccer ball with red X Lizarazu
soccer ball with check mark Trezeguet
soccer ball with check mark Henry
soccer ball with check mark Blanc
Attendance: 77,000
Brazil 3–2 Denmark
Bebeto 10'
Rivaldo 25', 59'		 Report M. Jørgensen 2'
B. Laudrup 50'
Attendance: 35,500
Netherlands 2–1 Argentina
Kluivert 12'
Bergkamp 90'		 Report López 17'
Attendance: 55,000
Germany 0–3 Croatia
Report Jarni 45+3'
Vlaović 80'
Šuker 85'
Attendance: 39,100

Semi-finals

[edit]
Brazil 1–1 (a.e.t.) Netherlands
Ronaldo 46' Report Kluivert 87'
Penalties
Ronaldo soccer ball with check mark
Rivaldo soccer ball with check mark
Emerson soccer ball with check mark
Dunga soccer ball with check mark		 4–2 soccer ball with check mark F. de Boer
soccer ball with check mark Bergkamp
soccer ball with red X Cocu
soccer ball with red X R. de Boer
Attendance: 54,000
France 2–1 Croatia
Thuram 47', 70' Report Šuker 46'
Attendance: 76,000

Third place play-off

[edit]

Croatia beat the Netherlands to earn third place in the competition. Davor Šuker scored the winner in the 36th minute to secure the golden boot.[31]

Netherlands 1–2 Croatia
Zenden 22' Report Prosinečki 14'
Šuker 36'
Attendance: 45,500

Final

[edit]
Main article: 1998 FIFA World Cup final

The final was held on 12 July 1998 at the Stade de France, Saint-Denis. France defeated holders Brazil 3–0, with two goals from Zinedine Zidane and a stoppage time strike from Emmanuel Petit. The win gave France their first World Cup title, becoming the sixth national team after Uruguay, Italy, England, West Germany and Argentina to win the tournament on their home soil. They also inflicted the second-heaviest World Cup defeat on Brazil,[32] later to be topped by Brazil's 7–1 defeat by Germany in the semi-finals of the 2014 FIFA World Cup.[33]

The pre-match build up was dominated by the omission of Brazilian striker Ronaldo from the starting lineup only to be reinstated 45 minutes before kick-off.[34] He managed to create the first open chance for Brazil in the 22nd minute, dribbling past defender Thuram before sending a cross out on the left side that goalkeeper Fabien Barthez struggled to hold onto. France however took the lead after Brazilian defender Roberto Carlos conceded a corner from which Zidane scored via a header. Three minutes before half-time, Zidane scored his second goal of the match, similarly another header from a corner. The tournament hosts went down to ten men in the 68th minute as Marcel Desailly was sent off for a second bookable offence. Brazil reacted to this by making an attacking substitution and although they applied pressure France sealed the win with a third goal: substitute Patrick Vieira set up his club teammate Petit in a counterattack to shoot low past goalkeeper Cláudio Taffarel.[35]

French president Jacques Chirac was in attendance to congratulate the winners and commiserate the runners-up after the match.[36] Several days after the victory, winning manager Aimé Jacquet announced his resignation from the French team with immediate effect.[37][38]

1998 FIFA World Cup
Final
Brazil 0–3 France
Report Zidane 27', 45+1'
Petit 90+3'
Attendance: 75,000


Statistics

[edit]

Goalscorers

[edit]

Davor Šuker received the Golden Boot for scoring six goals. In total, 171 goals were scored by 112 players:

6 goals
5 goals
4 goals
3 goals
2 goals
1 goal
Own goals

Awards

[edit]
Golden Ball Award Golden Shoe Award Yashin Award FIFA Fair Play Trophy Most Entertaining Team
Brazil Ronaldo Croatia Davor Šuker France Fabien Barthez  England
 France 		 France

Players who were red-carded during the tournament

[edit]

All-star team

[edit]

The All-star team is a squad consisting of the 16 most impressive players at the 1998 World Cup, as selected by FIFA's Technical Study Group.[39]

Goalkeepers Defenders Midfielders Forwards

France Fabien Barthez
Paraguay José Luis Chilavert

Brazil Roberto Carlos
France Marcel Desailly
France Lilian Thuram
Netherlands Frank de Boer
Paraguay Carlos Gamarra

Brazil Dunga
Brazil Rivaldo
Denmark Michael Laudrup
France Zinedine Zidane
Netherlands Edgar Davids

Brazil Ronaldo
Croatia Davor Šuker
Denmark Brian Laudrup
Netherlands Dennis Bergkamp

Final standings

[edit]

After the tournament, FIFA published a ranking of all teams that competed in the 1998 World Cup finals based on progress in the competition and overall results.[40]

R Team G P W D L GF GA GD Pts.
1  France C 7 6 1 0 15 2 +13 19
2  Brazil A 7 4 1 2 14 10 +4 13
3  Croatia H 7 5 0 2 11 5 +6 15
4  Netherlands E 7 3 3 1 13 7 +6 12
Eliminated in the quarter-finals
5  Italy B 5 3 2 0 8 3 +5 11
6  Argentina H 5 3 1 1 10 4 +6 10
7  Germany F 5 3 1 1 8 6 +2 10
8  Denmark C 5 2 1 2 9 7 +2 7
Eliminated in the round of 16
9  England G 4 2 1 1 7 4 +3 7
10  FR Yugoslavia F 4 2 1 1 5 4 +1 7
11  Romania G 4 2 1 1 4 3 +1 7
12  Nigeria D 4 2 0 2 6 9 −3 6
13  Mexico E 4 1 2 1 8 7 +1 5
14  Paraguay D 4 1 2 1 3 2 +1 5
15  Norway A 4 1 2 1 5 5 0 5
16  Chile B 4 0 3 1 5 8 −3 3
Eliminated in the group stage
17  Spain D 3 1 1 1 8 4 +4 4
18  Morocco A 3 1 1 1 5 5 0 4
19  Belgium E 3 0 3 0 3 3 0 3
20  Iran F 3 1 0 2 2 4 −2 3
21  Colombia G 3 1 0 2 1 3 −2 3
22  Jamaica H 3 1 0 2 3 9 −6 3
23  Austria B 3 0 2 1 3 4 −1 2
24  South Africa C 3 0 2 1 3 6 −3 2
25  Cameroon B 3 0 2 1 2 5 −3 2
26  Tunisia G 3 0 1 2 1 4 −3 1
27  Scotland A 3 0 1 2 2 6 −4 1
28  Saudi Arabia C 3 0 1 2 2 7 −5 1
29  Bulgaria D 3 0 1 2 1 7 −6 1
30  South Korea E 3 0 1 2 2 9 −7 1
31  Japan H 3 0 0 3 1 4 −3 0
32  United States F 3 0 0 3 1 5 −4 0

Marketing

[edit]

Tournoi de France

[edit]
Main article: 1997 Tournoi de France

A year before the tournament, a small, invitation-only tournament named the Tournoi de France was held in France, with Italy, Brazil, England, and hosts France participating.[41]

Broadcasting

[edit]

Through several companies, FIFA sold the broadcasting rights for the 1998 FIFA World Cup to many broadcasters. BBC and ITV had the broadcasting rights in the United Kingdom. The pictures and audio of the competition were supplied to the TV and radio channels by the company TVRS 98, the broadcaster of the tournament.[42]

The World Cup matches were broadcast in 200 countries. 818 photographers were credited for the tournament. In every match, a stand was reserved for the press. The number of places granted to them reached its maximum in the final, when 1,750 reporters and 110 TV commentators were present in the stand.[43]

Country Broadcaster Television
 Albania TVSH
 Argentina Artear, Televisión Federal, Grupo América, Telearte, SNMP, Teletreinta, Argentina Televisión, Lujan Cable Visión S.A., Holding Córdoba de radio y televisión Eltrece, Telefe, América TV, Channel 30, Argenvisión, Channel 23, El CW
 Australia SBS
 Austria ORF ORF eins and ORF 2
 Arab League Arab States Broadcasting Union (ASBU), Orbit Network Orbit ESPN
 Belgium Dutch:
VRT 		Dutch:
Eén and Canvas
French:
RTBF 		French:
La Une and La Deux
 Bangladesh BTV
 Bolivia TVB, Bolivisión, Unitel and Unovisión
 Brazil Globo, SBT, RecordTV, SporTV and ESPN Brasil
 Brunei RTB RTB Perdana, RTB Aneka
 Bulgaria BNT Channel 1 and Efir 2
 Cambodia TVK Channel 7
 Canada English:
CBC 		English:
CBC Television
French:
Société Radio-Canada 		French:
Télévision de Radio-Canada
 Chile TVN, Chilevisión, UCTV and Megavisión
 China CCTV CCTV-1
 Colombia Inravisión Canal Uno:
PUNCH and JES
Canal A:
RTI and Datos y Mensajes
Caracol Televisión and RCN Televisión
 Corsica2 France TF1, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV2
Italy RAI 		France TF1, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV2 and 1998 FIFA World Cup TV32
 Czech Republic Czech Television ČT1 and ČT2
 Denmark DR DR1 and DR2
 Estonia ETV
 Finland YLE, MTV3 YLE TV2
 France2 TF1, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV2 TF1, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV2, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV3, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV4, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV International and 1998 FIFA World Cup TV News2
 Georgia GPB 1TV
 Germany ARD and ZDF Das Erste and ZDF
 Greece ERT ET1, NET and ET3
 Hungary MTV MTV1 and MTV2
 Holy See Italy RAI Italy RAI 1, RAI 2 and RAI 3
 Hong Kong TVB Cantonese:
TVB Jade
English:
TVB Pearl
 India Doordarshan Doordarshan National Channel
 Indonesia1 TVRI (Programme 1), RCTI, SCTV, TPI, ANteve, and Indosiar (all matches in live television)1
 Iran IRIB Channel 1 and Channel 2
 Ireland RTÉ RTÉ One and RTÉ Two
 Israel IBA Hebrew:
Channel 1
Arabic:
Channel 33
 Italy RAI RAI 1, RAI 2 and RAI 3
 Japan NHK, Fuji Television, TBS, Nippon Television, TV Asahi and TV Tokyo NHK General TV, Fuji Television, TBS Television, Nippon Television, TV Asahi and TV Tokyo
 Laos LNTV
 Macau TVB Cantonese:
TVB Jade
English:
TVB Pearl
Latin America Bein TV, DirecTV Channels 530 and 532 of Bein TV
Channels 610 and 612 of DirecTV
 Malaysia2 RTM, STMB, NTV7 TV1, TV2, TV3, NTV7
 Mexico Televisa, TV Azteca Canal de las Estrellas, XHDF-TDT
 Monaco2 France TF1, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV2
Italy Telemontecarlo 		France TF1, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV2, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV3, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV4, 1998 FIFA World Cup TV International and 1998 FIFA World Cup TV News (all matches of international broadcast signal)2
Italy Telemontecarlo
 Myanmar MRTV Channel 5
 Netherlands NPO Nederland 1, Nederland 2 and Nederland 3
 New Zealand TVNZ TV1 and TV2
 Norway NRK NRK1 and NRK2
 Paraguay TV Acción, TV Cerro Corá, Tevedos, Teledifusora Paraguaya, SICOM TV, Hispanoamérica TV, Canal 5 TV Color, Caacupé Cable Visión S.A., Holding Paraná de radio y televisión Telefuturo, SNT, Red Guaraní Canal 13, Paraguay TV, La Tele, Paravisión, Canal 25, RTV
 Peru América Televisión and Panamericana Televisión.
 Philippines GMA Network and Sky Cable
 Poland TVP TVP1 and TVP2
 Portugal RTP RTP1 and RTP2
 Russia VGTRK, ORT Rossiya 1, Channel One Russia
 San Marino Italy RAI Italy RAI 1, RAI 2 and RAI 3
 Singapore Singapore International Media Premiere 12
 Slovakia STV STV1 and STV2
 South Africa SABC SABC 1, SABC 2 and SABC 3
 South Korea KBS
 Spain RTVE TVE (TV1 and TV2)
 Sweden SVT SVT1 and SVT2
  Switzerland SRG SSR SF 1 (German), TSR 2 (French) and TSI 2 (Italian)
 Taiwan TTV, CTV, CTS and FTV
 Thailand Television Pool of Thailand
 Turkey TRT TRT 1, TRT 2 and TRT 3
 United Kingdom BBC and ITV BBC One and ITV3
 United States ABC, ESPN (English) and Univision (Spanish)
 Ukraine UT-1 and 1+1
 Uruguay Tevetres, Monte Carlo Televisión, Sociedad Anónima Emisora de Televisión y Anexos, Sociedad Televisora Larrañaga, SODRE, Franco-Hispano TV, Canal 8 TV Color, Canelones Cable Visión S.A., Holding Rivera de radio y televisión Channel 3, Channel 4, Channel 10, Teledoce, UTC, Uruvisión, Canal 27, STV
 Vietnam Vietnam Television, Ho Chi Minh City Television VTV1, VTV3, HTV7, HTV9
 Venezuela Venevisión, RCTV, VTV

Sponsorship

[edit]
Coca-Cola was one of the sponsors of FIFA World Cup 1998.

The sponsors of the 1998 FIFA World Cup are divided into two categories: FIFA World Cup Sponsors and France Supporters.[44][45]

FIFA World Cup sponsors France Supporters

The absence of Budweiser on pitch side advertising hoardings is notable due to the Evin law, which forbids alcohol-related sponsorship in France, including in sports events.[68]

Video games

[edit]

In most of the world, the official video game was, World Cup 98 released by EA Sports on 13 March 1998 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation, Nintendo 64 and the Game Boy. It was the first international football game developed by Electronic Arts since obtaining the rights from FIFA in 1997 and received mostly favourable reviews.[69][70][71]

In Japan, Konami was granted the FIFA World Cup licence and produced two distinct video games: Jikkyou World Soccer: World Cup France 98 by KCEO for the Nintendo 64, and World Soccer Jikkyou Winning Eleven 3: World Cup France '98 by KCET for the PlayStation. These games were released in the rest of the world as International Superstar Soccer '98 and International Superstar Soccer Pro '98, without the official FIFA World Cup licence, branding or real player names.[citation needed]

Also in Japan, Sega was granted the FIFA World Cup licence to produce the Saturn video game World Cup '98 France: Road to Win.[citation needed]

Many other video games, including World League Soccer 98, Actua Soccer 2 and Neo Geo Cup '98: The Road to the Victory were released in the buildup to the 1998 World Cup and evidently were based on the tournament. FIFA: Road to World Cup 98, also by EA Sports focused on the qualification stage.[citation needed]

Symbols

[edit]
Footix, the official mascot of the tournament

Mascot

[edit]

The official mascot was Footix, a rooster first presented in May 1996.[72] It was created by graphic designer Fabrice Pialot and selected from a shortlist of five mascots.[73] Research carried out about the choice of having a cockerel as a mascot was greatly received: 91% associated it immediately with France, the traditional symbol of the nation.[72] Footix, the name chosen by French television viewers, is a portmanteau of "football" and the ending "-ix" from the popular Astérix comic strip.[72] The mascot's colours reflect those of the host nation's flag and home strip – blue for the jump suit, a red crest and with the words 'France 98' coloured in white.

Match ball

[edit]
Main article: Adidas Tricolore

The official match ball for the 1998 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas was named the Tricolore, meaning 'three-coloured' in French.[74] It was the eighth World Cup match ball made for the tournament by the German company and was the first in the series to be multi-coloured.[75] The tricolour flag and cockerel, traditional symbols of France, were used as inspiration for the design.[75]

Music

[edit]
Main article: Music of the World Cup: Allez! Ola! Ole!

The official song of the 1998 FIFA World Cup was "The Cup of Life", also known as "La Copa de la Vida", recorded by Ricky Martin.[76][77]

The official anthem was "La Cour des Grands (Do You Mind If I Play)" by Youssou N'Dour and Axelle Red.

Legacy

[edit]

Honorary FIFA President João Havelange praised France's hosting of the World Cup, describing the tournament as one that would "remain with me forever, as I am sure they will remain with everyone who witnessed this unforgettable competition".[78] Lennart Johansson, the chairman of the organising committee for the World Cup and President of UEFA added that France provided "subject matter of a quality that made the world hold its breath".[79]

Cour des Comptes, the quasi-judicial body of the French government, released its report on the organisation of the 1998 World Cup in 2000.[80]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "France Gets 1998 World Cup". The New York Times. 3 July 1992. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  2. ^ "France awarded 1998 World Cup". The Item. 2 July 1992. p. 3. Archived from the original on 29 July 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  3. ^ "FIFA World Cup host announcement decision" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
  4. ^ Vicki Hodges, Giles Mole, JJ Bull, Luke Brown and Rob Crilly, "Fifa whistleblower Chuck Blazer – bribes accepted for 1998 and 2010 World Cups: as it happened", The Telegraph, 3 June 2015 Archived 10 January 2022 at Ghost Archive. Retrieved 4 June 2015
  5. ^ Owen Gibson, Paul Lewis, "Fifa informant Chuck Blazer: I took bribes over 1998 and 2010 World Cups", The Guardian, 3 June 2015 Archived 11 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 4 June 2015
  6. ^ Tarik El Barakah, "U.S. judge claims that Morocco bribed FIFA to host 1998 World Cup", Moroccow World News, 28 May 2015 Archived 15 October 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 31 January 2017
  7. ^ "New Overtime Rule For 1998 World Cup". The New York Times. Associated Press. 1 June 1995. Archived from the original on 11 July 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  8. ^ Shaw, Phil (13 December 1995). "Italy and Poland bar England's road to France". The Independent. Archived from the original on 1 May 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
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  11. ^ a b "FIFA/Coca Cola World Ranking (20 May 1998)". FIFA. 27 January 2012. Archived from the original on 22 February 2016.
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  13. ^ a b Dauncey & Hare 1999, p. 99.
  14. ^ Dauncey & Hare 1999, p. 107.
  15. ^ Dauncey & Hare 1999, p. 101.
  16. ^ Dauncey & Hare 1999, p. 104.
  17. ^ a b France 1998. Archived 19 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine Sport24, 5 May 2010 12:12.
  18. ^ "FIFA to crack down on tackle from behind". FIFA. 6 March 1998. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
  19. ^ Substitute the subs rule? By Mitch Phillips, 5 November 2007 Reuters Soccer Blog.
  20. ^ a b "Referees and assistants for France 98 chosen". FIFA. 2 February 1998. Archived from the original on 7 January 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
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  29. ^ "Her er de ti beste sportsøyeblikkene". Dagsavisen.no. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 16 September 2014.
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Sources

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1998 FIFA World Cup.
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for 1998 FIFA World Cup.
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