Socialist Party USA
Socialist Party of the United States of America | |
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Chairs |
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Vice Chairs |
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Secretary | Greg Pason |
Treasurer | Pat Noble |
Editor |
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Founded | May 30, 1973 |
Split from | Social Democrats, USA |
Preceded by | Socialist Party of America |
Headquarters | 168 Canal Street, 6th Floor New York City, New York 10013 (A. J. Muste Institute) |
Ideology | Democratic socialism Anti-capitalism Eco-socialism Radical democracy[2] |
Political position | Left-wing |
Colors | Red |
Seats in the Senate | 0 / 100 |
Seats in the House | 0 / 435 |
Governorships | 0 / 50 |
State Upper House Seats | 0 / 1,972 |
State Lower House Seats | 0 / 5,411 |
Local Offices | 2 (2024) |
Website | |
www | |
This article is part of a series on |
Socialism in the United States |
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The Socialist Party of the United States of America (also Socialist Party USA or SPUSA) is a socialist political party in the United States. SPUSA formed in 1973, one year after the Socialist Party of America splintered into three: Social Democrats, USA (legal successor), the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee (split), and SPUSA.
SPUSA describes itself as a multi-tendency socialist party which hopes to win socialism through a "democratic revolution from below". In contrast to the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA), SPUSA advocates for "uncompromising independence" from the Democratic Party. SPUSA describes socialism as "radical democracy", in opposition to "capitalist and authoritarian statist systems".[2]
Notable members include David McReynolds, Frank Zeidler, and Dan La Botz. Former members include Ben Burgis.
Organization
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pat_Noble.jpg/150px-Pat_Noble.jpg)
SPUSA is headquartered at the A. J. Muste Institute. As of September 2024[update], the Socialist Party had 11 local and state parties. Active SPUSA state parties include Michigan, New Jersey, Wisconsin. Inactive state parties include California, Maine, Kansas.[3]
Membership
[edit]In 1975, chairman Frank Zeidler claimed that SPUSA had around 500 members nationwide.[4] SPUSA saw growth during the late 1970s and early to mid-1980s, expanding from around 600 members to around 1,700 members.[5] In 2008, WMNF claimed that SPUSA had around 3,000 members.[6] However, in 2010, CommonDreams wrote that SPUSA had only 1,000 members, and party members described that as an increase in membership.[7] In May 2011, the The New York Times stated that SPUSA had "about 1,000 members nationally".[8] In February 2012, The Root stated that SPUSA had "around 1,500" members.[9][10]
History
[edit]Background
[edit]In 1958, the Independent Socialist League, led by Max Shachtman, dissolved and joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA), which was founded by Eugene V. Debs.[11] Shachtman had written that Soviet communism was a new form of class society, bureaucratic collectivism, in which the ruling class exploited and oppressed the population, and therefore he opposed the spread of communism.[12][13][14] Shachtman argued that democratic socialists should work with labor unions and civil rights organizations to build a social democratic "realignment" of the Democratic Party. "Shachmanites" had a great amount of influence on the SPA.[13]
In its 1972 convention, the SPA changed its name to Social Democrats, USA by a vote of 73 to 34, supported by both Co-Chairmen, Bayard Rustin and Charles S. Zimmerman.[15][16] This rename was meant to be "realistic". The New York Times observed that the Socialist Party had last sponsored Darlington Hoopes as its candidate for president in the 1956 election, who received only 2,121 votes, in just six states. The majority report noted that the name "party" was "misleading" because the SPA no longer sponsored presidential candidates, and also hindered recruitment of activists who participated in the Democratic Party. The name "Socialist" was replaced by "Social Democrats" because many American associated the word "socialism" with Soviet communism.[15] The party also wished to distinguish itself from two small Marxist parties.[17]
The convention elected a national committee of 33 members, with 22 seats for the majority caucus, 8 seats for Harrington's Coalition Caucus, 2 for the Debs caucus, and one for the "independent" Samuel H. Friedman.[18] These minority caucuses all opposed the name change.[15] The convention voted on and adopted proposals for its program by a two-one vote, with the majority caucus winning every vote.[18]
Founding
[edit]After their defeat at the convention, members of the two minority caucuses helped to found new socialist organizations. Harrington's Coalition Caucus created the Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee.
The Debs Caucus, led by David McReynolds, formed the Union for Democratic Socialism. On May 30, 1973, the UDS incorporated the Socialist Party of the United States of America.[19] Many activists from the local and state branches of the old Socialist Party of America, including the party's Wisconsin, California, Illinois, New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C. organizations, participated in the reconstitution of SPUSA.[20]
After its founding, the party promoted itself as the legitimate heir of the Socialist Party of America.[21] SPUSA elected Frank Zeidler, former Mayor of Milwaukee, as its first national chairperson. Later, SPUSA nominated Zeidler for President. Zeidler believed the party would be able to collaborate with other socialist parties nationwide to spread the message of socialism.[4]
Subsequent history
[edit]In 2008, SPUSA candidate for President Brian Moore vocally opposed the idea that Barack Obama was a socialist of any kind,[22] saying it was "misleading of the Republicans" to spread that message.[23]
In 2009, the Socialist Party of Connecticut protested in Hartford against Obama's troop surge in Afghanistan.[24]
In 2010, SPUSA Co-Chair Billy Wharton called Obama's 2010 State of the Union Address a "public relations ploy".[25] Wharton criticized the Affordable Care Act as designed "to protect the profit margins of private insurance companies".[26]
Ideology
[edit]SPUSA argues that socialism can only come through social revolution. SPUSA tendencies include both democratic socialism, for a gradual transformation of society, and revolutionary socialism, for a rapid transformation following a slow "socialist transformation from below" through radically democratic "people's organizations".[2] SPUSA describes socialism as a radically democratic system which "places people's lives under their own control—a classless, feminist, socialist society free of racism, sexism, homophobia or transphobia," and in which "the people own and control the means of production and distribution through democratically controlled public agencies, cooperatives, or other collective groups"; "full employment is realized for everyone who wants to work"; "workers have the right to form unions freely, and to strike and engage in other forms of job actions"; and "production of society is used for the benefit of all humanity, not for the private profit of a few."[2]
Socialist Party candidates support expanding social spending and social ownership of capital. In 2009, Greg Pason's proposals included socializing the United States health care system, a steeply graduated income tax, universal rent control and the elimination of all educational debts and tuition fees.[27] In 1997, Pason called auto insurance "a regressive tax against working people".[28] Moore was also vocal of his support for socialized medicine.[29] Moore supported economic democracy through social ownership and workers' control of our reigning industrial and financial institutions.[22]
Election results
[edit]SPUSA has fielded electoral candidates for local, state, and federal offices. SPUSA candidates usually run on a SPUSA ballot line, as independent, or as Green Party candidates.
SPUSA has often endorsed members of the Vermont Progressive Party (VPP), such as Peter Diamondstone.[30] Most of these individuals were members of the Vermont socialist Liberty Union Party, but not members of SPUSA. These endorsees-but-not-members of SPUSA are not included below.
SPUSA has won several local offices, but never a state legislature, statewide, or federal office.
Current elected members
[edit]- Pat Noble, member of the Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education
- Samantha Pree-Stinson, member of the Minneapolis Board of Estimate and Taxation
Presidential elections
[edit]Year | Presidential candidate | Vice presidential candidate | Popular votes | % | Electoral votes | Result | Ballot access | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2024 | Bill Stodden | Stephanie Cholensky | TBD | TBD | TBD | TBD | 6 / 51
|
TBD | [31] |
2016 | Mimi Soltysik | Angela Nicole Walker | 4,061 | 0 | Lost | 3 / 51
|
[32] | ||
2012 | Stewart Alexander | Alejandro Mendoza | 4,430 | 0 | Lost | 3 / 51
|
[33][34] | ||
2008 | Brian Moore | Stewart Alexander | 6,581 | 0 | Lost | 8 / 51
|
[35][36] | ||
2004 | Walt Brown | Mary Alice Herbert | 10,822 | 0 | Lost | 8 / 51
|
[37] | ||
2000 | David McReynolds | Mary Cal Hollis | 5,602 | 0 | Lost | 7 / 51
|
[38][39] | ||
1996 | Mary Cal Hollis | Eric Chester | 4,764 | 0 | Lost | 5 / 51
|
[40][41] | ||
1992 | J. Quinn Brisben | Barbara Garson | 3,057 | 0 | Lost | 4 / 51
|
[42][43] | ||
1988 | Willa Kenoyer | Ron Ehrenreich | 3,882 | 0 | Lost | 6 / 51
|
[44][45] | ||
1980 | David McReynolds | Diane Drufenbrock | 6,898 | 0 | Lost | 10 / 51
|
[46][47] | ||
1976 | Frank Zeidler | J. Quinn Brisben | 6,038 | 0 | Lost | 7 / 51
|
[48][49] |
In the 1984 presidential election, SPUSA nominated the Citizens Party candidate for president, Sonia Johnson.
In the 2020 presidential election, the SPUSA nominated the Green Party nominee Howie Hawkins for president. Hawkins also received various state-level party endorsements, such as the Liberty Union Party in Vermont, in a bid to unite the "non-sectarian independent Left" behind a single campaign.[50]
Congressional elections
[edit]Year | Candidate | Chamber | State | District | Votes | % | Result | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | Jarrod Williams | Senate | Nevada | At-Large | 6,888 | Lost | ran as Independent | [51][52][53] | |
2014 | Susan Purviance | House | Ohio | 9th | n/a | Lost | write-in | [54][55] | |
2012 | Greg Pason | Senate | New Jersey | At-Large | 2,249 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [56][57][58][59] | |
2010 | Dan La Botz | Senate | Ohio | At-Large | 26,454 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [60][30] | |
2008 | Todd Vachon | House | Connecticut | 2 | 15 | Lost | write-in | [30] | |
2008 | Marc Luzietti | House | Florida | 20 | 9 | Lost | write-in | [30] | |
2008 | Jean Treacy | House | Michigan | 1st | 2,669 | Lost | ran as Green | [61][62][30] | |
2006 | Greg Pason | Senate | New Jersey | At-Large | 2,490 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [63][64] | |
2006 | Willie Norwood | House | New Jersey | 2nd | 385 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [63][64] | |
2006 | Willie Norwood | House | Massachusetts | 1st | n/a | Lost | write-in | [65] | |
2004 | Lisa Weltman | House | Michigan | 14th | 2,224 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [61][66][67] | |
2004 | Greg Pason | House | New Jersey | 5th | 574 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [67][64] | |
2004 | Costantino Rozzo | House | New Jersey | 2nd | 595 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [67][64] | |
2004 | Walt Brown | House | Oregon | 3rd | 10,678 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [67] | |
2004 | Dorman Hayes | House | Rhode Island | 2nd | 3,303 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [67] | |
2002 | Willie Norwood | House | Massachusetts | 1st | n/a | Lost | write-in | [65] | |
2002 | Greg Pason | Senate | New Jersey | At-Large | 2,702 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [68][64] | |
2002 | Costantino Rozzo | House | New Jersey | 2nd | 771 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [68][64] | |
2002 | Walt Brown | House | Oregon | 3rd | 6,588 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [68] | |
2000 | Greg Pason | Senate | New Jersey | At-Large | 3,365 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [69][70][64] | |
2000 | Costantino Rozzo | House | New Jersey | 2nd | 788 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [69][64] | |
2000 | Walt Brown | House | Oregon | 3rd | 4,703 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [69] | |
2000 | David Duemler | House | Oregon | 4th | 421 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [69] | |
1994 | Greg Pason | House | New Jersey | 9th | 1,490 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [71][72] |
Statewide elections
[edit]Year | Candidate | Office | State | District | Votes | % | Result | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | Robin Laurain | University Trustee | Michigan State University | At-Large | 74,495 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [61][73][74] | |
2018 | Mary Alice Herbert | Secretary of State | Vermont | At-Large | 9,706 | Lost | ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate | [75] | |
2016 | Mary Alice Herbert | Secretary of State | Vermont | At-Large | 29,711 | Lost | ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate | [75] | |
2014 | Mary Alice Herbert | Secretary of State | Vermont | At-Large | 17,460 | Lost | ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate | [75] | |
2014 | Adam Adrianson | University Trustee | Michigan State University | At-Large | 33,914 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [61][76][54] | |
2013 | Maynor Moreno | Governor | New Jersey | At-Large | n/a | Lost | write-in | [54] | |
2012 | Dwain Reynolds | Board of Education | Michigan | At-Large | 66,123 | Lost | ran as Green | [61][77][58] | |
2012 | Mary Alice Herbert | Secretary of State | Vermont | At-Large | 34,105 | Lost | ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate | [78][79][75] | |
2010 | Diana Demers | University Regent | University of Michigan | At-Large | 80,365 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [61][80] | |
2009 | Greg Pason | Governor | New Jersey | At-Large | 2,085 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [81][82] | |
2008 | Dwain Reynolds | Board of Education | Michigan | At-Large | 94,663 | Lost | ran as Green | [61][62] | |
2006 | Jacob Woods | Board of Education | Michigan | At-Large | 60,684 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [61][83] | |
2006 | Mary Alice Herbert | Governor | Vermont | At-Large | 2,995 | Lost | ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate | [75] | |
2005 | Costantino Rozzo | Governor | New Jersey | At-Large | 2,078 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [64][84] | |
2004 | Ben Burgis | University Trustee | Michigan State University | At-Large | 75,047 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [61][66] | |
2001 | Costantino Rozzo | Governor | New Jersey | At-Large | 1,537 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [64][85] | |
1997 | Greg Pason | Governor | New Jersey | At-Large | 2,800 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [86] | |
1996 | Mary Alice Herbert | Governor | Vermont | At-Large | 4,156 | Lost | ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate | [75] | |
1994 | Mary Alice Herbert | Secretary of State | Vermont | At-Large | 9,368 | Lost | ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate | [75] | |
1992 | Mary Alice Herbert | Secretary of State | Vermont | At-Large | 21,161 | Lost | ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate | [75] | |
1990 | Mary Alice Herbert | Secretary of State | Vermont | At-Large | 14,555 | Lost | ran as SPUSA and Liberty Union candidate | [75] |
State legislature elections
[edit]Year | Candidate | Office | State | District | Votes | % | Result | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2020 | Jonny Meade | House | Washington | 22nd | 3,000 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [87][74] | |
2020 | Rick Sauermilch | House | Michigan | 110th | 543 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [61][73][74] | |
2018 | Matt Kuehnel | House | Michigan | 22nd | 999 | Lost | a libertarian socialist who ran as a Libertarian Party candidate | [61][88][89] | |
2018 | Maia Dendinger | Senate | Maine | 5th | 1,109 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [90][91] | |
2018 | David Elliot Pritt | House | West Virginia | 32nd | 2,384 | Lost | ran as a Mountain Party candidate | [92] | |
2016 | Seth Baker | Senate | Maine | 27th | 3,712 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [93][52] | |
2016 | Michael Anderson | House | Michigan | 70th | 1,584 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [61][52][94] | |
2014 | Mimi Soltysik | California State Assembly | California | 62nd | 922[a] | Lost | ran as No Party Preference | [54] | |
2012 | Alex Mendoza | House | Texas | 65th | 6,763 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [95] | |
2012 | Alex Mendoza | House | Texas | 65th | 1,224 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [96] | |
2012 | Jeff Peress | Assembly | New York | 13th | 395 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [97][54] | |
2012 | John Longhurst | House | Michigan | 106th | 1,178 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [61][77][58] | |
2012 | Sean Haggard | House | Michigan | 54th | 0 | Lost | write-in | [61][77][58] | |
2012 | Ron Haldeman | House | Indiana | 94th | 752 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [98][58] | |
2012 | John Strinka | House | Indiana | 39th | 2,862 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [98][58] | |
2008 | Matt Erard | House | Michigan | 53rd | 2,200 | Lost | ran as Green | [61][62][30] | |
2008 | Jon Osborne | Senate | Rhode Island | 34th | 2,494 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [99][30] | |
2006 | Matt Erard | House | Michigan | 53rd | 847 | Lost | ran as Independent | [61][83] | |
2006 | Jeff Brindle | Assembly | Pennsylvania | 26th | 2,873 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [100] | |
2005 | Sharon Chiorazzo | Assembly | New Jersey | 2nd | 832 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [64][101] | |
2005 | Willie Norwood | Assembly | New Jersey | 10th | 665 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [64][101] | |
2005 | Scott Baier | Assembly | New Jersey | 2nd | 584 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [101] | |
1982 | William Shakalis | Senate | Massachusetts | Suffolk and Middlesex | 4,417 | Lost | ran as SPUSA candidate | [102][65] |
Local elections
[edit]Year | Candidate | Office | City | District | Votes | % | Result | Notes | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2024 | Joshua Bradley | City Council | Raleigh | At-Large | TBD | TBD | TBD | nonpartisan election | [103][104] |
2022 | Joshua Bradley | City Council | Raleigh | At-Large | 18,143 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [103][104] | |
2022 | Sonya Emerick | Board of Education | Minneapolis | At-Large district | 52,365 | Won | nonpartisan election, elect 2 | [105][106] | |
2022 | Troy Thompson | Mayor | Floodwood | At-Large | 51 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [107] | |
2021 | Pat Noble | Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education | Monmouth County | 1,893 | Won | nonpartisan election, uncontested | [108] | ||
2021 | Samantha Pree-Stinson | Board of Estimate and Taxation | Minneapolis | At-Large | 25,547[b] | Won | nonpartisan election, elect 2, ranked-choice voting | [109] | |
2020 | Adriana Cerrillo | Board of Education | Minneapolis | 4th district | 15,935 | Won | nonpartisan election | [110][111][112][74] | |
2020 | Andy Argo | Public Library Trustee | Kalamazoo | At-Large | 15,965 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [113] | |
2020 | David Robbins | City Council | Redding | Lost | [74] | ||||
2019 | Joshua Bradley | City Council | Raleigh | A | 10.4 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [103][104] | |
2019 | Andy Argo | City Commissioner | Kalamazoo | At-Large | 1,449 | Lost | nonpartisan election, elect 3 | [114][115][74] | |
2018 | Andrew Saturn | Public Utility Commissioner | Thurston county | 41,664 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [116][117] | ||
2018 | Pat Noble | Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education | Monmouth County | 2,539 | Won | nonpartisan election, uncontested | [118] | ||
2018 | Reuben Dendinger | City Council | Orono | Lost | [91] | ||||
2018 | Maia Dendinger | City Council | Orono | Lost | [91] | ||||
2018 | Reuben Dendinger | Sheriff | Los Angeles County | Lost | [91] | ||||
2017 | Chris DiLoreto | Peterborough Library Trustee | Hillsborough County | Lost | [119] | ||||
2017 | Allen Braun | City Council | Bangor | Lost | [119] | ||||
2017 | Chelsea Rustad | City Council | Tumwater | 5 | 1,153 | Lost | nonpartisan | [119][120] | |
2015 | Jeff Peress | County Assembly | Dutchess County, New York | 23rd | 206 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [121][122] | |
2015 | Pat Noble | Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education | Monmouth County | 1,103 | Won | nonpartisan election, uncontested | [123] | ||
2012 | Joel Benavidez | Justice of the Peace | Bexar County | 2nd | 4,843 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [124] | |
2012 | Pat Noble | Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education | Monmouth County | 1,187 | Won | nonpartisan election | [125][126][127][58] | ||
2012 | Troy Thompson | Mayor | Floodwood | At-Large | 60 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [128] | |
2011 | Matt Erard | Downtown District Citizens District Council | Detroit | At-Large | Won | nonpartisan election | [129] | ||
2011 | Peter Ponzetti | Board of Education | Grand Blanc | At-Large | 424 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [130][131] | |
2011 | Edgar Brandon Collins | City Council | Charlottesville City | Charlottesville | 1,480 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [132][131] | |
2010 | Jon Osborne | Town Council | Hopkinton | At-Large | 1,597 | Won | ran as Independent, elect 5 | [133] | |
2010 | James Arnoldi | Board of Governors | Wayne State University | At-Large | 46,757 | Lost | ran as Green candidate | [61][80] | |
2008 | Peter Moody | Borough Council | Madison | Lost | write-in | [30] | |||
2004 | Carl Williams | Board of Trustees | Oakland Community College | Lost | [134] | ||||
2003 | Bert Zipperer | Mayor | Madison | At-Large | 6,610 | Lost | nonpartisan election, first-round | [135] | |
2000 | Wendell Harris | Mayor | Milwaukee | At-Large | 7,624 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [136] | |
1995 | Karen Kubby | City Council | Iowa City | At-Large | 5,307 | Won | nonpartisan election | [137][138][139] | |
1991 | Karen Kubby | City Council | Iowa City | At-Large | 6,380 | Won | nonpartisan election | [137][138][140] | |
1989 | Karen Kubby | City Council | Iowa City | At-Large | 3,519 | Won | nonpartisan election | [137][138][141] | |
1987 | Karen Kubby | City Council | Iowa City | At-Large | 2,645 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [137][138][142] | |
1985 | Karen Kubby | City Council | Iowa City | At-Large | 1,974 | Lost | nonpartisan election | [137][138][143] |
See also
[edit]- Democratic Socialists of America
- Social Democrats, USA
- Green Party of the United States
- Socialist Party of America
- Socialist Alternative (United States)
- History of left-wing politics in the United States
- History of the socialist movement in the United States
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Socialism As Radical Democracy: Statement of Principles of the Socialist Party USA". Socialist Party USA. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved June 4, 2023.
- ^ "Socialist Party USA Directory". Socialist Party USA. Retrieved July 7, 2017.
- ^ a b "Socialists pick ex-mayor for presidency". The Modesto Bee. September 2, 1975. Retrieved February 8, 2010.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Herbst, Moira (May 22, 2009). "Socialism? Hardly, Say Socialists". Business Week. Archived from the original on May 29, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Kinane, Sean (June 13, 2008). "Brian Moore – Socialist Party USA Presidential Candidate". WMNF. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Kenning, Chris (March 1, 2010). "Socialists Get Newfound Attention as 'Red-Baiting' Draws Interest From Youth". Common Dreams NewsCenter. Retrieved March 24, 2010.
- ^ Berger, Joseph (May 22, 2011). "Workers of the world, please see our web site" (membership 1,500). The New York Times.
- ^ Gordy, Cynthia (February 28, 2012). "Stewart Alexander Wants Your Vote". The Root. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012.
- ^ "Socialist Party USA". Library of Congress. Retrieved July 5, 2020.
- ^ The Dictionary of Labour Quotations. Biteback. September 11, 2013. ISBN 9781849546546.
- ^ 2008, p. 63.
- ^ a b Drucker (1994):Drucker, Peter (1994). Max Shachtman and his left: A socialist's odyssey through the "American Century". Humanities Press. ISBN 0-391-03816-8.
- ^ Beichman, Arnold (July 28, 2002). "Communism to anti-communism in lives of two rival editors (review two ISI books, James Burnham and the struggle for the world: A life by Daniel Kelly and Principles and heresies: Frank S. Meyer and the shaping of the American conservative movement by Kevin J. Smant)". The Washington Times. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
- ^ a b c
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- Johnston, Laurie (December 31, 1972). "Young Socialists support Meany; Group urges the Democrats to join labor movement". The New York Times. p. 36.
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- ^ Gerald Sorin, The Prophetic Minority: American Jewish Immigrant Radicals, 1880-1920. Bloomington. Indiana University Press. 1985. p. 155.
- ^ Anonymous (December 27, 1972). "Young Socialists open parley; to weigh 'New Politics' split". The New York Times. p. 25. Archived from the original on January 15, 2017.
- ^ a b Anonymous (January 1, 1973). "'Firmness' urged on Communists: Social Democrats reach end of U.S. Convention here" (PDF). The New York Times. p. 11.
- ^ Busky 2000, pp. 165.
- ^ Busky 2000, pp. 164.
- ^ "Socialists Pick '76 candidate". St. Petersburg Times. September 3, 1975. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
- ^ a b Harrington, Elizabeth (October 29, 2008). "Socialist Party Candidate Visits U. Tampa". CBS News. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Frank, John (October 23, 2008). "Top of Socialist Party ticket says Obama's not a believer". Tampa Bay Times. Archived from the original on October 25, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2012.
- ^ Altimari, Daniela (December 1, 2009). "If Obama's a socialist, his comrades aren't happy". Hartford Courant.
- ^ Altimari, Daniela (January 28, 2010). "Socialist Party response to Obama's state of the union speech". Hartford Courant. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Mcauliff, Michael (March 22, 2010). "Tea Party Head Spinner: Socialists Oppose Health Bill". New York Daily News. Retrieved March 28, 2010.
- ^ "Voter Guide / Other third-party candidates for governor". The Press of Atlantic City. November 1, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Preston, Jennifer (September 14, 1997). "On Politics; Hearing From the Seven Who Are Seldom Heard". The Press of Atlantic City. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Kinane, Sean (June 13, 2008). "Brian Moore – Socialist Party USA Presidential Candidate". WMNF. Archived from the original on June 18, 2008. Retrieved October 30, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Socialist Campaign Clearinghouse 2010". Archived from the original on December 19, 2010.
- ^ "Socialist Party USA Nominates Presidential Ticket | Ballot Access News". October 23, 2023. Retrieved October 25, 2023.
- ^ "Socialist Party USA". Twitter. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
- ^ "2012 Presidential Election by State Stewart Alexis Alexander". The Green Papers. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
- ^ "2012 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved December 27, 2012.
- ^ "2008 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ "Election 2008: Primary, Caucus, and Convention Phase". The Green Papers. Retrieved August 26, 2013.
- ^ "2004 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ "2000 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Winger, Richard. "President - U.S. - 2000". Ballot Access News. Retrieved February 13, 2010.
- ^ "1996 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ "President - U.S. - 1996". U.S. Election Atlas.org. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ "1992 Election Results for the U.S. President, the U.S. Senate, and the U.S. House of Representatives" (PDF). Federal Election Commission. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
- ^ "1992 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ "1988 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
- ^ Freeman 2008, p. 96.
- ^ "1980 Presidential General Election Results". U.S. Election Atlas. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
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References
[edit]- Smallwood, Frank (1983). The Other Candidates: Third Parties in Presidential Elections. University Press of New England. p. 317. ISBN 0-87451-256-5.
6,898 David McReynolds David McReynolds.
- Presidential Elections since 1789. Congressional Quarterly. 1991. p. 248. ISBN 0-87187-609-4.
- Busky, Donald F. (2000). Democratic socialism: A global survey. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-96886-3.[third-party source needed]
- Freeman, Joe (2008). We Will be Heard: Women's Struggles for Political Power in the United States. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-7425-5607-2.
3,882 Willa Kenoyer Willa Kenoyer.
Further reading
[edit]- David A. Epstein, Left, Right, Out: The History of Third Parties in America. Arts and Letters Imperium Publications. 2008.
- Alan Feuer, "Inside Socialist Party Headquarters". The New York Times. October 20, 2008.
- R. W. Tucker, "The Debs Caucus: A Party Within a Party". Madison, WI. Socialist Party of Wisconsin. December 1970.
External links
[edit]- Official website
- The Radical Pamphlet Collection at the Library of Congress contains materials from the Socialist Party of the United States of America.
- Constitution of the Socialist Party USA
- SPUSA platform