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Nacionalista Party

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For National and Nationalist Parties in other countries, see National Party and Nationalist Party.

Nacionalista Party
Partido Nacionalista
PresidentManny Villar
ChairmanCynthia Villar
SpokespersonAce Barbers
Secretary-GeneralMark Villar
FounderManuel L. Quezon
Sergio Osmeña
FoundedApril 25, 1907; 117 years ago (1907-04-25)
HeadquartersStarmall EDSA-Shaw 4F, EDSA corner Shaw Boulevard, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila
Youth wingYoung Nacionalistas
Membership1.2 million
IdeologyConservatism[1][2]
National conservatism[3]
Filipino nationalism[4]
Populism[5][6][7][8][9]
Political positionCenter-right[10][2][11]
National affiliationAlyansa para sa Bagong Pilipinas (2024–present)
UniTeam (2021–2024)
Coalition for Change (2016–2021)
Team PNoy (2013)
Genuine Opposition (2007)
K4 (2004)
PPC (2001)
GAD (1987)
UNIDO (1980–1986)
Regional affiliationAsia Pacific Democrat Union
ColorsNational colors:
  Red,   blue, and   white
Customary:
  Light green
  Orange
SloganAng Bayan Higit sa Lahat
(The Nation Above All)
Seats in the Senate
5 / 24
Seats in the House of Representatives
36 / 316
[12]
Provincial governorships
10 / 82
Provincial vice governorships
10 / 82
Provincial board members
116 / 1,023
Website
www.nacionalistaparty.com Edit this at Wikidata

The Nacionalista Party (Filipino and Spanish: Partido Nacionalista; lit. 'Nationalist Party') is the oldest political party in both the Philippines and in Southeast Asia in general. It is responsible for leading the country throughout most of the 20th century since its founding in 1907; it was the ruling party from 1935 to 1946 (under Presidents Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña), 1953–1961 (under Presidents Ramon Magsaysay and Carlos P. Garcia) and 1965–1978 (under President Ferdinand Marcos).

Ideology

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The Nacionalista Party was initially created as a Filipino nationalist party that supported Philippine independence until 1946 when the United States granted independence to the country.[1][13][7] Since then, many scholarly articles that dealt with the history of political parties during the Third Republic agreed that the party has been increasingly populist,[5][6][7][14][15] although some argued they had conservative[1][10] tendencies because of their opposition to the Liberal Party and the Progressive Party. The populist ideology of the party remained to present day as described on their website.

History

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American Insular to Commonwealth era

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The party was organized as a vehicle for Philippine independence, advocating self-rule; and espousing this advocacy through representation in the Philippine Assembly of 1907–1916, and in the succeeding Philippine Legislature of 1916–1935. The ranks of Nationalist politicians rose to prominence through the Commonwealth of the Philippines spanning 1935–1941, ending when political parties were replaced by a singular and monolithic KALIBAPI Party during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines.

Third Republic era

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Break-away of the "Liberal" wing and 1946 elections

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Manuel Roxas, Elpidio Quirino and their allies called for an early general elections which elect the president, vice president and members of the Congress, and lobbied it to their allies in the United States Congress In December 1945, the House Insular Affairs Committee of the US Congress approved the joint resolution, setting the election date by April 23, 1946.[16]

Prompted by this congressional action, President Sergio Osmeña called the Philippine Congress to a three-day special session. Congress enacted Commonwealth Act No. 725, setting the election date on April 23, 1946. President Osmeña signed the act on January 5, 1946.[16]

Nacionalista was divided into two, the Conservative wing or the pro-Osmeña wing, and the Liberal wing led by Roxas and Quirino. On January 3, 1946, Osmeña announced his re-election bid. But the Liberal wing became as the Liberal Party and was officially founded on January 19, 1946, with its leaders Roxas and Quirino as party nominees for president and vice president respectively.[17][18][19]

On January 22, 1946, former Rizal congressman and Senator Eulogio "Amang" Rodriguez was nominated as Osmeña's running mate for vice president, in a convention held at Ciro's Club in Manila. But the tandem of Osmeña and Rodriguez was defeated by Roxas and Quirino of the Liberal Party.[16][19]

Opposition to the Roxas and Quirino

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After the victory of the Liberal Party, Nacionalista only won 1 of 8 seats in the 1947 Senate election, by Camilo Osias.[20] In 1949 presidential elections, Nacionalista fielded former "collaborator" and political veteran Jose P. Laurel, with former Senator and Supreme Court Associate Justice Manuel Briones as his running-mate.[21] Even though the Nacionalista have advantage of Liberal's divide, as Quirino running for his own full term and Senator José Avelino ran with another wing, Quirino prevailed against Laurel. Former general and future diplomat Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray considered 1949 edition as the dirtiest election in Philippine electoral history.[22] In the senate election of the same year, anti-American Claro M. Recto only managed to win after an election protest.[23]

Recruitment of Magsaysay vs. Quirino

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Former President and then-Senator Jose P. Laurel initially had intentions to seek Nacionalista's nomination for president in 1953 but did not go through with it. He then proposed to endorse then-Secretary of National Defense Ramon Magsaysay, whose successful anti-insurgency and anti-communist initiatives had strained his relations with President Quirino and the Liberal Party. But Senate President Camilo Osías sought the presidential nomination but ultimately lost to Magsaysay. This prompted Osias to jump to Liberal. In the convention, Senator Carlos P. Garcia of Bohol was picked to be his running-mate.[24] Also, country's ambassador to United Nations Carlos Romulo and incumbent Vice President Fernando Lopez, who founded the Democratic Party from Liberal and originally intended to run for president withdrew and Lopez seek for a place in Senate. The tandem of Magsaysay and Garcia won the election in 1953.[25] In 1953 senate elections, only Lorenzo Tañada was the one who won from different party beside Nacionalista and Democratic, and in 1955, Nacionalistas swept the eight candidates.[24]

Garcia administration and the Pro-Magsaysay faction

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After Magsaysay's plane crashed to Mt. Manunggal riding a Douglas C-47 Skytrain, Carlos Garcia assumed the presidency for the last months of Magsaysay's unfinished term. He won a re-election in 1957, but for the first time in electoral history of the Philippines, Garcia have a vice president did not have the same party or his opponent's running-mate as Garcia's running mate, Jose P. Laurel's son and former House Speaker Pepito Laurel defeated by Kapampangan Senator Diosdado Macapagal.

Juan Pajo, the then-governor of Bohol, held the Bible which Garcia took oath on, breaking the tradition wherein it is held by presidential spouses.[26] A faction led by Manuel Manahan and Raul Manglapus formed a faction of pro-Magsaysay due to dissatisfaction of members of the Nacionalista Party over the "cold treatment" given to them by allies of Garcia. The faction later become Progressive Party (Philippines).[27]

1961 elections

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In 1961,[28] Incumbent president Garcia lost his opportunity for a second full term as president of the Philippines to Vice President Diosdado Macapagal. Also, Senator Gil Puyat, Garcia's running-mate lost to Emmanuel Pelaez, and behind of Serging Osmeña, the son of the party's founder.[29] Jose Roy and Lorenzo Sumulong are those Nacionalistas to manage to gain seats.

1965 elections: Rise of Ferdinand Marcos

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In April 1964, Senate President Ferdinand Marcos resigned from the Liberal Party, and joined Nacionalista ship. He cited President Macapagal's unfulfilled promise of not running for re-election as the main reason of leaving his former party.[30] Before quitting his former party, Marcos served its party president.[31][32] With selecting Quirino's former Vice President Fernando Lopez as his running mate, Marcos defeated Macapagal in a three-way 1965 elections.[33]

1969 elections: Marcos retained

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Ninoy Aquino, a former Nacionalista under Ramon Magsaysay, became a Liberal in 1959, and won senate seat in 1967. Aquino became a vocal opponent of Marcos for next decade.[34]

Ramon Magsaysay's brother Genaro was recruited by Liberal from Nacionalista to be Serging Osmeña's running mate. Magsaysay won a senate seat as Nacionalista in 1965.[35] Marcos was reelected for a second term. He was the first and last Filipino president and Nacionalista president to win a second full term.[36][37][38][39] His running mate, incumbent Vice President Lopez was also elected to a third full term as Vice President of the Philippines.

But Marcos's second term was characterized by social unrest, beginning with the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which was already underway during the second inauguration.[40] Opposition groups began to form, with "moderate" groups calling for political reform and "radical" groups who espoused a more radical-left ideology.[41][42][43]

1971: The Plaza Miranda bombing

[edit]

After what happened to Plaza Miranda bombing,[34] Liberal won five seats, and Nacionalista won three seats by Eva Estrada Kalaw (also Liberal's guest candidate), Ernie Maceda, and Alejandro Almendras.

In 1971, Marcos' State of the Nation Address, there is a sign on his speech that if the country's condition worse, it is time to declare Martial Law.

So I come to speak of a society that is sick, so sick that it must either be cured and cured now or buried in a deluge of reforms.

— Ferdinand Marcos, 1971 State of the Nation Address titled The Democratic Revolution

Marcos also suspended the writ of habeas corpus by virtue of Proclamation No. 889, through which he assumed emergency powers.[44]

Marcos's second term effectively ended a little under two years and nine months later, when Marcos announced on September 23, 1972, that he had placed the Philippines under martial law.[45]

Martial law and Fourth Republic

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1978 elections

[edit]

For the incomning 1978 parliamentary elections, some Nacionalista members joined the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan, a regime-controlled coalition, akin to the Japanese occupation's KALIBAPI. With many preferring not to be involved, the Nacionalistas went to hibernation.[46]

1981: Alejo Santos

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With the lifing of Martial Law by Proclamation 2045, on January 17, 1981,[47] Jose Roy, was asked by Marcos to find an opponent against him, as Lakas ng Bayan and United Nationalist Democratic Organization declared a boycott on the election, as the opposition, as early as April. UNIDO, the main opposition umbrella group, wanted to clean the voters' list, a revamping of the Commission on Elections, a campaign to be held nationwide and that UNIDO accredited as a minority party. Marcos did not accept the demands which led UNIDO to call for a boycott. This caused for Marcos to be reportedly dismayed as he could not legitimize the election without a viable opposition candidate.[48]

The Nacionalista Party chose former Defense Secretary and Bulacan governor Alejo Santos as their standard bearer. Santos, who was appointed by Marcos as chairman of the board of the Philippine Veterans Bank, had Francisco Tatad, Marcos' former information minister, as his campaign manager. Ultimately, Marcos won in a landslide.

1983: Together with UNIDO

[edit]

After the assasination of their former member Ninoy Aquino, former Marcos loyalist and son of Jose P. Laurel, Salvador "Doy" Laurel led the Nacionalista to joining UNIDO, thus became the main opposition against the dictatorship. Marcos called a snap election in 1986, thus giving Laurel a chance to be the face of the opposition to match Marcos. In the UNIDO convention with a jampacked 25,000 delegates, Laurel have UNIDO's support, but unfortunately for him, Ninoy's spouse Cory ran under her own campaign.[49] Due to Manila Archbishop Jaime Sin's please of sliding down for Laurel agreed and the two teamed up.[50][51]

1986: Snap election

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As Nacionalista, Liberal, PDP-Laban united under UNIDO, they fielded Cory Aquino and Doy Laurel as their official nominees for president and vice president repectively for the 1986 election.[52][53] In the said election, violence was rampant and cheating scandals and controversies arose,[54][55] with COMELEC officers walked out of the PICC, the place where COMELEC transmission of data happens.[56]

Lt. Col. Gringo Honasan and backed by former Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile had plotted a coup d'état to seize Malacañang and kill Marcos and his family.[57] It also give way for the success of the People Power Revolution in February 25.[58]

Post-EDSA & Fifth Republic

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Under first Aquino administration

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Years later, in the late 1980s, the party was revived under the leadership of Laurel, who resigned as Secretary of Foreign affairs due to conflict with President Cory Aquino.[59]

1992 elections

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For the 1992 elections, the party nominated Laurel for president and selected Eva Kalaw to be his running mate. But after the party nominated Laurel, a pro-Danding Cojuangco/Marcos faction broke away and established the Nationalist People's Coalition by Amang Rodriguez's son Isidro in 1991.[60] The tandem of Laurel and Kalaw is the last-place of that election.[61] All of Nacionalista won seats in the lower house (House of Representatives) joined Jose De Venecia's Rainbow Coalition.[62] The party almost return in hibernation for the next years, with Valenzuela congressman Antonio Serapio as its only member in the both chambers of congress.

2001 elections

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Homobono Adaza, former Bureau of Immigration commissioner was running under the Nacionalista banner. The party did not join either People Power Coalition or Pwersa ng Masa. Adaza's platform was to make Marcos family liable for their 600 million wealth question.[63] But even though Adaza lost, in the House of Representatives, Nacionalista joined de Venecia's Sunshine Coalition.[64]

2004 elections

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Even though did not field any candidate in legislature and executive positions nationally, in 2004, the party, with the new leadership under its party chairman and Senator Manny Villar, the party supported then-incumbent President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, daughter of the one who defeated their 1957 vice presidential candidate and stopped Carlos Garcia's reelection bid.[65][66]

2007 elections

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For the 2007 elections, then-Senate President Villar led the Nacionalista into joining opposition against Arroyo, the Genuine Opposition to match the administration's TEAM Unity (Philippines). The Nacionalista have another re-electionist under the party Ralph Recto.[67][68] Both Villar and Recto got their re-election bid pushed into victory.

2010 elections

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In 2008, Manny Villar topped the presidential surveys, even though the issue of C-5 Road project was tackled.[69] In same year, he delared that he has intention to run for president.[70] Until 2009, Villar still the top in surveys fot preferred presidential bets. Due to the death of former President Cory Aquino, the surveys starting began to favor her son Senator Noynoy Aquino. At first, they have a thight race, with the popularity of Manny Villar's jingle Naging Mahirap (or Nakaligo ka na ba sa Dagat ng Basura),[71][72] is which prompted to creation of internet and Facebook memes about it.[73] He also used the slogan of Tapusin ang Kahirapan (Tagalog for "End the poverty).[74]

Controversy over dominant-minority status
[edit]

In the 2010 general election, the Nacionalista and the Nationalist People's Coalition (NPC) formed an alliance after it was approved by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) on April 12, 2010.[75] Villar choose Senator Loren Legarda who is a member of the NPC as running mate. It became the dominant minority party after a resolution passed by the COMELEC. On April 21, 2010, it was blocked by the Supreme Court after a suit filed by the rival Liberal Party.[75] On May 6, 2010, the Supreme Court nullified the merger and therefore giving the Liberal Party to be the dominant minority party. It was based on a resolution by the COMELEC giving political parties to be accredited by August 17, 2009.[76]

The coalition was made to help the Nacionalista Party to help boost the presidential campaign of Senator Villar and have a chance to be the dominant minority party by the COMELEC which give the rights to poll watchers during the canvassing of votes.[77] However, it is being challenged by the Liberal Party calls the said alliance a bogus alliance and they are seeking the same party status by the COMELEC.[75] Several local races are also being challenged from both parties, therefore causing confusion in those races.[77]

Senate slate

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Villar organized the Senate slate of his ticket, composed of Pia Cayetano, Bongbong Marcos (who joined Nacionalista with his family due to dispute with KBL members), Susan Ople, former Marine Colonel Ariel Querubin, former news reporter and congressman Gilbert Remulla, former military captain Ramon Mitra III, and Adel Tamano. They have also got Miriam Defensor Santiago of the People's Reform Party, Gwen Pimintel of PDP–Laban, activist Liza Maza, who is running Independent, and Bayan Muna member and NDF member Satur Ocampo.[78]

'Villaroyo' rumors
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In the start of campaign for 2010, rumors speculated that Villar is a 'secret candidate' of President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, as Arroyo have -53 trust rating, thus Defense Secretary Gilbert Tedoro, the presidential nominee of then merged Lakas Kampi have low ratings in survey, thus earning a 'Villaroyo' title, with combining the surname of Villar and Arroyo.[79][80] Villar denied the accusation and his rating plummeted with Erap placed second, surpassing him.[81]

Also, the reopening of issue of C-5 project also affected his survey ratings, with Satur Ocampo, one of the members of his senate said that he should face senate hearings about the issue.[78]

Villar eventually lost to Noynoy Aquino and Legarda lost to Makati mayor Jejomar Binay.[82]

2016

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In 2016, the party had fielded three vice-presidential candidates either running independently or in tandem with other political parties, namely Alan Peter Cayetano, Bongbong Marcos and Antonio Trillanes, albeit unsuccessfully.[1]

Electoral performance

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Presidential elections

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Year Candidate Votes % Result Outcome
1935 Manuel L. Quezon 695,332 67.99 Won Manuel L. Quezon won
1941 Manuel L. Quezon 1,340,320 81.78 Won Manuel L. Quezon won
1946 Sergio Osmeña 1,129,996 45.71 Lost Manuel Roxas (Liberal) won
1949 José P. Laurel 1,318,330 37.22 Lost Elpidio Quirino (Liberal) won
1953 Ramon Magsaysay 2,912,992 68.90 Won Ramon Magsaysay won
1957 Carlos P. Garcia 2,072,257 41.28 Won Carlos P. Garcia won
1961 Carlos P. Garcia 2,902,996 44.95 Lost Diosdado Macapagal (Liberal) won
1965 Ferdinand Marcos 3,861,324 51.94 Won Ferdinand Marcos won
1969 Ferdinand Marcos 5,017,343 61.47 Won Ferdinand Marcos won
1981 Alejo Santos 1,716,449 8.25 Lost Ferdinand Marcos (KBL) won
1986 None; Laurel's running mate was Corazon Aquino (UNIDO) 9,291,716 46.10 Disputed Corazon Aquino (UNIDO) assumed presidency
1992 Salvador Laurel 770,046 3.40 Lost Fidel V. Ramos (Lakas–NUCD) won
1998 None — Joseph Estrada (LAMMP) won
2004 None; endorsed Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD) — Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–CMD) won
2010 Manuel Villar 5,573,835 15.42 Lost Benigno Aquino III (Liberal) won
2016 None — Rodrigo Duterte (PDP–Laban) won
2022 None; endorsed Bongbong Marcos (PFP) — Bongbong Marcos (PFP) won

Vice presidential elections

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Year Candidate Votes % Result Outcome
1935 Sergio Osmeña 812,352 86.93 Won Sergio Osmeña won
1941 Sergio Osmeña 1,445,897 92.10 Won Sergio Osmeña won
1946 Eulogio Rodriguez 1,051,243 47.38 Lost Elpidio Quirino (Liberal) won
1949 Manuel Briones 1,184,215 46.08 Lost Fernando López (Liberal) won
1953 Carlos P. Garcia 2,515,265 62.90 Won Carlos P. Garcia won
1957 José Laurel Jr. 1,783,012 37.91 Lost Diosdado Macapagal (Liberal) won
1961 Gil Puyat 1,787,987 28.06 Lost Emmanuel Pelaez (Liberal) won
1965 Fernando López 3,531,550 48.48 Won Fernando López won
1969 Fernando López 5,001,737 62.75 Won Fernando López won
1986 Salvador Laurel[n 1] 9,173,105 45.85 Disputed Salvador Laurel assumed vice presidency
1992 Eva Estrada Kalaw 255,730 1.25 Lost Joseph Estrada (NPC) won
1998 None — Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (Lakas–NUCD–UMDP) won
2004 None; endorsed Noli de Castro (Independent) — Noli de Castro (Independent) won
2010 None; Villar's running mate was Loren Legarda (NPC) 14,645,574 41.65 Lost Jejomar Binay (PDP–Laban) won
2016 None[n 2] — Leni Robredo (Liberal) won
2022 None; endorsed Sara Duterte (Lakas–CMD) — Sara Duterte (Lakas–CMD) won

Legislative elections

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  1. ^ Laurel stood under the banner of the multi-party electoral alliance UNIDO.
  2. ^ Nacionalista Party members Alan Peter Cayetano, Bongbong Marcos and Antonio Trillanes stood as independent candidates without the party's endorsement; all lost.

Notable Nacionalistas

[edit]
Main article: List of members of the Nacionalista Party

Past

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Politics of the Philippines
Government
Executive
Legislature
Judiciary
Constitutional commissions
Elections
Political parties
Administrative divisions
Related topics
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Throughout their careers, many of the country's politicians, statesmen and leaders were in whole or in part Nacionalistas. Notable names include the following:

Presidents

Vice Presidents

Senators

Others

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Most of these individuals embody solid political traditions of economic and political nationalism are pertinent today, even with the party's subsequent decline.

Current party officials

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Some members of the House of Representatives and Senate include—but are not limited to—the following:

Nacionalista-affiliated parties

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Candidates for Philippine general elections

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2010

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Main article: 2010 Philippine general election

Presidential ticket

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For senator

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2013

[edit]
Main article: 2013 Philippine general election

For senator

[edit]

All members ran under the administration coalition, Team PNoy.

2016

[edit]
Main article: 2016 Philippine general election

For vice president

[edit]

Three members ran for vice president albeit as independent candidates.

For senator

[edit]

2019

[edit]
Main article: 2019 Philippine general election

For senator

[edit]

All candidates ran under the administration coalition, Hugpong ng Pagbabago.

2022

[edit]
Main article: 2022 Philippine general election

For senator

[edit]

Current members in the 19th Congress

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Senate

[edit]
Main article: 19th Congress of the Philippines

House of Representatives

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District Representatives

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Partylist allies

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  • Ronnie Ong (Ang Probinsyano)
  • Naealla Rose Bainto-Aguinaldo (Bahay)
  • Michael Edgar Aglipay (DIWA)
  • Sharon Garin (AAMBIS-OWA)
  • Rico Geron (AGAP)
  • Irene Gay Saulog (Kalinga)
  • Allan Ty (LPGMA)
  • Francisco Datol, Jr. (Senior Citizen)

Nacionalista Party presidents

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Term Name
1907–1935 Sergio Osmeña
1935–1944 Manuel L. Quezon
1944–1953 Sergio Osmeña
1953–1964 Eulogio Rodriguez
1964–1970 Gil Puyat
1970–1986 Jose Roy
1986–2003 Salvador Laurel
2003–present Manny Villar

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d Dayley, Robert (2016). Southeast Asia In The New International Era. Avalon Publishing. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  2. ^ a b Guillermo A. Historical Dictionary of the Philippines. Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press. Retrieved February 21, 2019.
  3. ^ Teehankee, Julio (2016). "Weak State, Strong Presidents: Situating the Duterte Presidency in Philippine Political Time". Journal of Developing Societies. 3 (3).
  4. ^ Dayley, Robert (August 2, 2016). Southeast Asia in the New International Era. Avalon. ISBN 978-0-8133-5011-0.
  5. ^ a b Bertrand, J. (2013). Political Change in Southeast Asia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
  6. ^ a b Berneo, N.; Yashar, D. (2016). Parties, Movements, and Democracy in the Developing World. New York: Cambridge University Press USA.
  7. ^ a b c Celoza, A. Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group. Retrieved September 19, 2017.
  8. ^ Simbulan, D. (2005). The Modern Principalia: The Historical Evolution of the Philippine Ruling Oligarchy. Quezon City: UP Press.
  9. ^ Del Rosario, Simon G. (1973). An Integrated Course on Communism and Democracy. SGR Research & Pub.
  10. ^ a b Philippine Journal of Public Administration, Volumes 34–35 (1990). UP College of Public Administration. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
  11. ^ M. Troy Burnett, ed. (2020). Nationalism Today: Extreme Political Movements around the World [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 584.
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  13. ^ Liow, J.; Leifer, M. (1995). Dictionary of the Modern Politics of Southeast Asia. New York: Routledge. Retrieved October 16, 2017.
  14. ^ Simbulan, D. (2005). The Modern Principalia: The Historical Evolution of the Philippine Ruling Oligarchy. Quezon City: UP Press.
  15. ^ Del Rosario, Simon G. (1973). An Integrated Course on Communism and Democracy. SGR Research & Pub.
  16. ^ a b c Oaminal, Clarence Paul (May 16, 2018). "Don Sergio S. Osmeña Sr. is betrayed by his Nacionalista senators in the 1946 election". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  17. ^ Jimenez, Josephus B. "Quo vadis, Liberal Party: Past, present and future". Philstar.com. Retrieved March 27, 2024.
  18. ^ Teehankee, Julio Cabral (2020). "Factional Dynamics in Philippine Party Politics, 1900–2019". Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs. 39 (98–123). Sage Journals.
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  22. ^ "Elpidio Quirino". Retrieved August 9, 2009.
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  25. ^ Jimenez, Josephus B. (September 10, 2021). "The historic saga of the Nacionalista Party". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
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  28. ^ Meadows, Martin (1962). "Philippine Political Parties and the 1961 Election". Pacific Affairs. 35 (3): 261–274. doi:10.2307/2753186. ISSN 0030-851X.
  29. ^ Soliven, Maximo V. (1962). "The Elections 1961". Philippine Studies. 10 (1): 3–31. ISSN 0031-7837.
  30. ^ "Senator Marcos was elected president of the Liberal Party January 21, 1961". The Kahimyang Project. January 23, 2013. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  31. ^ BASAGAN NG TRIP: What liberalism, LP, & yellow really mean, retrieved July 5, 2023
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  33. ^ Gloria, Glenda (March 5, 2022). "[ANALYSIS] How Ferdinand Marcos' 1965 election campaign turned Central Luzon into a war zone". RAPPLER. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  34. ^ a b Hamilton-Paterson, James (August 21, 2014). America's Boy: The Marcoses and the Philippines. Faber & Faber. ISBN 9780571320196.
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  43. ^ "A History of the Philippine Political Protest". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on July 5, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2018.
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  45. ^ "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
  46. ^ "Philippines - Local government". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
  47. ^ "Proclamation No. 2045, s. 1981". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. January 17, 1981. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  48. ^ Celoza, Albert (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Praeger Publishers. pp. 73–76. ISBN 978-0-275-94137-6.
  49. ^ See Maria Felisa Syjuco Tan, Highlights of Philippine History Volume 3: The Marcos Years 1965–1986 (Quezon City: Pantas Publishing, 2017), pp. 194–195; Nick Joaquin, "DOY LAUREL in Profile" (Collector's Edition: 2012)
  50. ^ Benigno, Teodoro C. (January 30, 2004). "Salvador (Doy) Laurel". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  51. ^ Bondoc, Jarius (March 2, 2022). "Flashback: Laurel's self-sacrifice to unite the Opposition in 1986". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  52. ^ Pollard, Vincent Kelly (2004). Globalization, democratization and Asian leadership: power sharing, foreign policy and society in the Philippines and Japan. Ashgate Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-7546-1539-2.
  53. ^ Parnell, Philip C. (2003). "Criminalizing Colonialism: Democracy Meets Law in Manila". In Parnell, Philip C.; Kane, Stephanie C. (eds.). Crime's power: anthropologists and the ethnography of crime. Palgrave-Macmillan. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-4039-6179-2.
  54. ^ Zunes, Stephen; Asher, Sarah Beth; Kurtz, Lester (November 5, 1999). Nonviolent Social Movements: A Geographical Perspective. Wiley. p. 129. ISBN 978-1-57718-076-0. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2016.
  55. ^ "NAMFREL". www.namfrel.com.ph. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved September 20, 2016.
  56. ^ "The Final Report of the Fact-Finding Commission: IV: Military Intervention in the Philippines: 1986 – 1987". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Official Gazette of the Government of the Philippines. October 3, 1990. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017. Retrieved July 22, 2017.
  57. ^ "Gringo plotted to kill Marcos – Almonte". Rappler. Archived from the original on January 28, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  58. ^ Crisostomo, Isabelo T. (April 1, 1987), Cory, Profile of a President: The Historic Rise to Power of Corazon, Branden Books, p. 257, ISBN 978-0-8283-1913-3, archived from the original on November 7, 2023, retrieved December 3, 2007.
  59. ^ Sison, Jose C. (February 28, 2014). "Failed revolution". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
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  61. ^ Jimenez, Josephus B. (July 9, 2021). "Learning from the 1992 and 1998 presidential polls". www.philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  62. ^ Villanueva, Marichu A. (June 3, 2016). "Rainbow coalition reborn". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  63. ^ "Senate bet to ask Supreme Court to stop publication of poll surveys". Philstar.com. April 20, 2001. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  64. ^ "'Sunshine Coalition' bubuwagin sa 13th Congress". Philstar.com. June 10, 2004. Retrieved October 6, 2024.
  65. ^ "Necro rites for Laurel today". Philstar.com. February 1, 2004. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  66. ^ Villanueva, Marichu A. (March 5, 2004). "Villar rallies behind Arroyo, K-4". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  67. ^ Villanueva, Marichu A. (February 1, 2007). "United opposition comes up with 5 Senate slates". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  68. ^ Punongbayan, Michael (February 12, 2007). "Opposition finalizes lineup". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  69. ^ "Villar una sa survey". Philstar.com. November 18, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  70. ^ "Villar declares 2010 presidential bid". Philstar.com. June 7, 2008. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  71. ^ Mejia, Gab (October 18, 2019). "Environmentalism is a right, not a privilege". The Manila Times. The Manila Times Publishing Corp. Retrieved October 8, 2020. ... Manuel 'Manny' Villar, who ran for president in 2010 with his infamous political jingle: 'Nakaligo ka na ba sa dagat ng basura?'
  72. ^ Pe, Roger (April 9, 2010). "Which political ad lines strike you the most?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Inquirer Group of Companies. p. B2-1. Retrieved October 8, 2020. Kids are singing Manny Villar's anthem song, "Nakaligo ka na ba sa dagat ng basura" with gusto and, alas, surprisingly remembering the lyrics.
  73. ^ De Asis, Camille; Lim, Ivan; Tare, Mark; Poe, Angela (May 17, 2010). "Joke the vote, pun the bets". Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. Retrieved October 8, 2020. On Facebook, fan pages poked fun at the presidential candidates. One of the most popular was the anti-Villar fan page called 'Sige MANNY VILLAR ikaw na ang MAHIRAP.' It has enrolled 126,082 members.
  74. ^ Señeres, Roy (March 28, 2010). "Kahirapan at kurakutan". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  75. ^ a b c Alvarez, Kathrina (April 12, 2010). "NP-NPC coalition formally granted (5:15 p.m.)". Sun.Star Cebu. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
  76. ^ Torres, Tetch (May 6, 2010). "SC nullifies NP-NPC coalition". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on May 9, 2010. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
  77. ^ a b Maragay, Fel V. (March 1, 2010). "NP-NPC coalition complicates fight in the local level". SunStar. Retrieved April 15, 2010.
  78. ^ a b Esposo, William M. "When bad situations get worse for Manny Villar". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  79. ^ Pedroche, Al G. (April 21, 2010). "'Villaroyo' at ang Bangon landslide sa Hong Kong". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  80. ^ Cerna, Antolin dela (April 19, 2010). "Villaroyo o Aquinoroyo?". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  81. ^ "Erap overtakes Villar in Puno's secret survey". Philstar.com. April 25, 2010. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  82. ^ Calica, Aurea (June 11, 2010). "Noynoy: Call me 'P-Noy'". Philstar.com. Retrieved October 13, 2024.
  83. ^ Laurel was member of the NP before 1942 and from 1945 to 1959. During his tenure as President, he was affiliated with KALIBAPI.
  84. ^ During the 1946 presidential election, Roxas, who is a member of the liberal-wing of the NP, formed the Liberal Party and eventually moved there.
  85. ^ Moved to the Liberal Party during the 1946 presidential election.
  86. ^ In 1978, Marcos left the NP and formed his own political party known as the Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL).
  87. ^ Estrada was a member of the NP during his term as Mayor of San Juan and Senator. In 1991, he formed his own party known as the Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP).
  88. ^ Duterte was a member of the NP during his term as Mayor of Davao City, Duterte left the party in 1998, when he joined LAMMP. He won the presidency in 2016 under PDP–Laban and formed the Coalition for Change with NP.
  89. ^ Marcos was a member of NP during his term as Senator until 2016. He left the party and joined Partido Federal ng Pilipinas(PFP), which he became a chairman of the party.
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