Chinese Super League
 | |
| Founded | 2004 |
|---|---|
| Country | China |
| Confederation | AFC |
| Number of teams | 16 |
| Level on pyramid | 1 |
| Relegation to | China League One |
| Domestic cup(s) | Chinese FA Cup Chinese FA Super Cup |
| International cup(s) | AFC Champions League Elite (1st tier) AFC Champions League Two (2nd tier) |
| Current champions | Shanghai Port (3rd title) (2024) |
| Most championships | Guangzhou (8 titles) |
| Most appearances | Wang Song (393 games) |
| Top goalscorer | Wu Lei (159 goals) |
| TV partners | CCTV Migu |
| Website | csl-china.com |
| Current: 2024 Chinese Super League | |
| Chinese Super League | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Simplified Chinese | 中国足球协会超级联赛 | ||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 中國足球協會超級聯賽 | ||||||
| |||||||
The Chinese Football Association Super League (Chinese: 中国足球协会超级联赛; pinyin: Zhōngguó Zúqiú Xiéhuì Chāojí Liánsài), commonly known as the Chinese Super League[1] or the CSL, currently known as the China Resources C'estbon Chinese Football Association Super League for sponsorship reasons,[2] is the highest tier of professional football in China, operating under the auspices of the Chinese Football Association (CFA). The league was established in 2004 by the rebranding of the former top division, Chinese Jia-A League.
Initially contested by 12 teams in its inaugural year, the league has since expanded, with 16 teams competing in the 2024 season. A total of 38 teams have competed in the CSL since its inception, with 9 of them winning the title: Guangzhou (eight), Shandong Taishan (four), Shanghai Port (three), Shenzhen, Dalian Shide, Changchun Yatai, Beijing Guoan, Jiangsu, and Wuhan Three Towns (one title each). The current Super League champions are Shanghai Port, who won the 2024 edition.
The Chinese Super League is one of the most popular professional sports leagues in China, with an average attendance of 24,107 for league matches in the 2018 season. This was the twelfth-highest of any domestic professional sports league in the world and the sixth-highest of any professional association football league in the world, behind the Bundesliga, the Premier League, La Liga, Serie A and Liga MX.
Overview
[edit]Competition
[edit] |
Unlike many top European leagues like Bundesliga, Premier League, La Liga, and Serie A, the Chinese Super League starts in February or March and ends in November or December. In each season, each club plays each of the other clubs twice, once at home and another away.
With 16 clubs currently in the Chinese Super League in Season 2023, each club plays 30 matches. There are 8 games every round, and a total of 240 games in the season.
The two lowest-placed teams by the end of the season are relegated to the China League One and the top two teams from the League One are promoted, taking their places.
The League position is determined by the highest number of points accumulated during the season. If two or more teams are level on points, tiebreakers are, in the following order
- Highest number of points accumulated in matches between the teams concerned;
- Highest goal difference in matches between the teams concerned;
- Highest number of goals scored in matches between the teams concerned;
- Highest points accumulated by the reserve teams in the reserve league
- Highest points accumulated by the U19 teams in the U19 league
- Highest goal difference;
- Highest number of goals scored;
- Fair-Play points (Clubs deduct 1 point for a yellow card, and 3 points for a red card);
- Draw by lots.
Chinese Super League clubs in international competition
[edit]When the Asian Football Confederation started the AFC Champions League in the 2002–03 season, China was given 2 slots in the competition. Qualification for the AFC Champions League changed in 2009 as AFC distributed 4 slots to China. The top three of the league, as well as the winner of the Chinese FA Cup, qualify for the AFC Champions League of the next year. If the FA Cup finalists finish the league in 3rd or higher, the 4th place team in the league will take the Champions League spot.
Between the 2002–03 and the 2017 season, Chinese clubs won the AFC Champions League two times, behind Korean K-League with five wins, and Japanese J-League with three wins.
Development
[edit]On 17 November 2017, the Vice-president of the CFA, Li Yuyi, disclosed the expansion plan of the top four level leagues of China. The Chinese Super League is planning to expand to 18 clubs, followed by China League One with 20 clubs, China League Two with 32 clubs and the Chinese Football Association Member Association Champions League with 48 clubs.[3]
History
[edit]Origins
[edit]Though it could be argued that football was invented by the Chinese, organised league play of association football in China only began in 1951 with the establishment of the Chinese National Football Conference as a round-robin tournament, with 8 teams participating. Development was rapid: in 1954, the competition was renamed the National Football League, in 1956, it was divided into two Divisions, and promotion and relegation between the two tiers started in 1957. In the 1980s, the Chinese Football Association allowed enterprise entities to sponsor and invest in football teams, and as a result, the league entered a semi-pro period in 1987. Sponsored by Goldlion Group, the league played its first-ever home and away season: participating were the top 7 clubs of the 1986 Division 1, together with Liaoning, who were 1985 season champions, but did not compete in 1986 league season due to participating in the Asian Club Championship. The tournament was renamed the National Football League Division 1 Group A, or Chinese Jia-A League for short, and the other 8 clubs of Division 1 and the top 4 clubs from Division 2 participated in the Chinese Jia-B League. The two groups merged in the 1988 season, but divided again in 1989.
In the early 1990s, the CFA began to allow enterprises to purchase football clubs and manage them, whether they were state-owned enterprises or private-owned companies, and in 1992, it was announced that, as part of the sports system reform project, the Chinese Jia-A League would become the country's first professional football league, starting with the 1994 season. All Jia-A clubs were ordered to set up professionally before 1994, and all Jia-B clubs were given an extra year to realise professional structural reform. The Jia-A league achieved success in its early years, but in the late ’90s, its management practices received heavy criticism; special attention was paid to the lack of continuity in key policies, as well as a lack of sustainable development in certain member clubs. At the same time, the league was affected by gambling, match-fixing and corruption.[4] As a result, the chaotic state of Jia-A had become a "troubled investment environment," with sponsors and club owners both bowing out. In recognition of the aforementioned, as well as a multitude of other factors, the Chinese Football Association decided to reform the League system, which ultimately led to the creation of the Chinese Super League.
On January 13, 2001, Yan Shiduo, vice-president of the Chinese Football Association, discussed setting up a new professional league system,[5] and in 2002, the CFA announced the establishment of the Chinese Super League, with the first season beginning in 2004. Intending to introduce truly commercial methods and let the professional football market in China operate more freely, the CSL seeks to draw on the experience of professional Leagues in Europe to redesign the league structure and strengthen professionalism.
Foundation
[edit] |
Compared to the Jia-A, the CSL is a lot more demanding on teams. The CFA and CSL committee imposed a range of minimum criteria to ensure professional management and administration, financial probity, and a youth development program at every club. The CSL published first edition of CSL club criteria in 2002 and revised it several times, club license system was introduced since 2004. Besides the regular professional league, the CSL also has a reserve league, and Youth super league plays in U-19,U-17,U-15,U-14 and U-13 levels.
The CSL and China League One's goals are to promote high-quality and high-level competition, introduce advanced managerial concepts to the market, enforce the delivery of minimum standards of professionalism, encourage an influx of higher-quality foreign coaches and players, and gradually establish the European system for player registrations and transfers.
Summary
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2022) |
The first CSL season began in 2004, with 12 teams in the league. The inaugural season was plagued with controversy, which continued from the former league, Jia-A, and where, since 1999, scandals such as match-fixing and gambling had been uncovered.[6] This resulted in the loss of interest in the domestic game, low attendances and great financial losses.[citation needed]
The original plan was to have one relegated team and two promoted teams for the 2004 season and 2005 season, thus increasing the number of teams in 2006 to 14. But the CFA's decisions caused the relegations to be cancelled for these 2 years.
For the 2005 season, the league expanded to 14 teams after Wuhan Huanghelou and Zhuhai Zobon won promotion from China League One. The Zhuhai team, formerly named Zhuhai Anping, had been bought by the Shanghai Zobon real estate company and relocated to Shanghai for the 2005 season, and subsequently renamed to Shanghai Zobon.
In 2006, the league was planned to expand to 16 teams with the newly promoted Xiamen Blue Lions and Changchun Yatai. However, Sichuan First City withdrew before the start of the season, leaving only 15 teams when the season started on March 11. Shanghai Zobon, after another change of ownership, was renamed Shanghai United.
In 2007, the league was again planned to be expanded to 16 teams, but once again it found itself one team short. Shanghai United's owner, Zhu Jun, bought a major share in local rival Shanghai Shenhua and merged the two teams. As a result, Shanghai Shenhua retained its name as it already had a strong fanbase in the city, while Shanghai United pulled out of the league.
In 2008, the season started with 16 clubs participating for the first time, however, Wuhan protested against punishments made by the CFA after a match against Beijing Guoan, and announced its immediate withdrawal from the league, which left the season to finish with 15 clubs.
Since 2009, the league has run with 16 stable clubs participating each year. Two are relegated to China League One, and two are promoted from China League One each season.
In 2010, the CSL was beset by a scandal going right to the top of the CFA. The Chinese government took nationwide action against football gambling, match-fixing and corruption, and former CFA vice presidents Xie Yalong, Nan Yong and Yang Yimin were arrested.[7] On February 22, 2010, CFA relegated Guangzhou Yiyao for match-fixing in 2006 China League One Season, as well as Chengdu Blades for match-fixing in 2007 China League One season.[8]
In 2011, the anti-corruption movement had visibly improved the image of the CSL, with increases to attendance. Clubs such as Guangzhou Evergrande and Shanghai Shenhua began investing heavily in foreign stars. After former Fluminense midfielder Darío Conca transferred in 2011, some notable signings during the 2012 seasons included former Chelsea forward Didier Drogba and Nicolas Anelka, former Barcelona midfielder Seydou Keita and Fábio Rochemback, former Sevilla FC forward Frédéric Kanouté, former Blackburn Rovers forward Yakubu and former Borussia Dortmund forward Lucas Barrios. Former Japan national team coach Takeshi Okada took up the reins as the new coach of Hangzhou Greentown, former Argentina national team coach Sergio Batista replaced Jean Tigana as Shanghai Shenhua's head coach, and former Italy national team and Juventus manager Marcello Lippi replaced Lee Jang-Soo as Guangzhou Evergrande's head coach.
In 2012, Guangzhou Evergrande became the first Chinese team to defend their CSL title, and to win consecutive titles. However, eight-time champions of Professional League, Dalian Shide, had seriously financial problems during the entire season, especially after the arrest of club owner Xu Ming. They had planned to merge with Dalian Aerbin, the other CSL club of the city, but the Chinese Football Association blocked the merger at the end, as Dalian Shide failed to cancel their registration as a CSL club before the merger. So Aerbin effectively purchased and swallowed up Shide, including the club's famed academy and training facilities. Dalian Shide was officially dissolved on 31 January 2013. The country's most successful club had ceased to exist.
In 2013, David Beckham became first global ambassador for CSL. In February 2013, Shanghai Shenhua was stripped of its 2003 Chinese Ji-A league title as part of a broad match-fixing crackdown. In total, 12 clubs were handed punishments, while 33 people, including former CFA vice-president Xie Yalong and Nan Yong, received life bans. Also in 2013, Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao won the Asian Champions League title, the first time a Chinese Super League team has won that award.
In 2014, Guangzhou Evergrande became the first Chinese club to win four consecutive professional league titles.
In 2015, ex-Tottenham midfielder Paulinho moved to Guangzhou Evergrande at the age of 27, Guangzhou Evergrande become AFC champions League champions for second time.
In 2016, the Chinese super league became a rising power in the global transfer market. Brazil international Ramires, Colombia international Jackson Martinez and Fredy Guarin were among the notable signings, while Pavel Nedvěd was appointed as second global ambassador for CSL.
2017 saw the Chinese Super League (CSL) catapulted to global attention. Players such as Oscar, Carlos Tevez, Ricardo Carvalho, Alexandre Pato and Mikel John Obi all moved east during the year. Guangzhou Evergrande won their 7th consecutive league title.
2018, in the 28th round of the 2018 Chinese Super League, the two title favourites Shanghai SIPG and Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao clashed head-to-head, with Shanghai SIPG coming away with 5 - 4 hard win over Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao to open up the points gap with Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao. At last, Shanghai SIPG won the 2018 Chinese Super League Champion, thus breaking Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao's 7-year monopoly of the Chinese Super League.
At the 2019 CSL Mobilization Meeting, the CFA Referees Committee officially announced that a professional referee system will be introduced in the CSL in 2019, with two foreign referees including Mark Clattenburg, Milorad Mažić, and three local referees to be officially hired as the first professional referees in the history of Chinese football. The two foreign professional referees will be mainly responsible for enforcing the Chinese Super League, but will also provide coaching and training for local referees.
Affected by COVID-19,the 2020 Chinese Super League has been postponed to July 25. The 16 teams will be divided into two groups to play in Suzhou and Dalian. This year's league was temporarily changed to a "Group stage + Knockout" format and adopted a tournament system.
Planning cooperation structure
[edit]The preparatory committee of the Chinese Professional Football League was established on May 27, 2016,[9] with members from 5 CSL clubs, 3 CL1 clubs and 2 CL2 clubs, includes two CFA representatives. The blueprint is to have all of the three professional level leagues of China, the Chinese Super League, China Football League one and China Football League two separated from the League structure of the CFA. The PFL will be a private company wholly owned by its Member Clubs who make up the League at any one time. Each club is a shareholder, with one vote each on issues such as rule changes and contracts. The newly formed PFL would have commercial independence from The CFA, giving the PFL licence to negotiate its own broadcast and sponsorship agreements.
The CFA will no longer hold any shares of the League, but as the national governing body for football in China, the CFA is responsible for sanctioning competition Rule Books, and regulating on-field matters. It also organises The CFA Cup competition, in which PFL Member Clubs compete and the lower division leagues ranked after CL2, under a specific agreement between CFA and PFL. The CFA also has the ability to exercise a vote on certain specific issues, but has no role in the day-to-day running of the CSL, CL1 and CL2.
On January 3, 2017, the CFA announced that Chinese Professional Football League, formed as a limited company, will be established in March 2017, the CSL and CL1 clubs will be found members of the PFL starts from 2017, with CL2 planning to join the system by 2019. The PFL preparatory committee will discuss and establish the regulations and the structures of the PFL, holding the elections of the PFL president in January and February 2017. However, after a series of meetings includes CFA officers and club owners, the plan had been put on hold.
Clubs
[edit]Champions
[edit]Performances in Chinese Super League
[edit]| Club | Titles | Runners-up | Winning seasons | Runner-up seasons |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Guangzhou | 8
|
2
|
2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019 | 2018, 2020 |
| Shandong Taishan | 4
|
4
|
2006, 2008, 2010, 2021 | 2004, 2013, 2022, 2023 |
| Shanghai Port | 3
|
3
|
2018, 2023, 2024 | 2015, 2017, 2021 |
| Beijing Guoan | 1
|
4
|
2009 | 2007, 2011, 2014, 2019 |
| Jiangsu | 1
|
2
|
2020 | 2012, 2016 |
| Changchun Yatai | 1
|
1
|
2007 | 2009 |
| Shenzhen | 1
|
0
|
2004 | |
| Dalian Shide | 1
|
0
|
2005 | |
| Wuhan Three Towns | 1
|
0
|
2022 | |
| Shanghai Shenhua | 0
|
4
|
2005, 2006, 2008, 2024 | |
| Tianjin Jinmen Tiger | 0
|
1
|
2010 | |
| Total | 21 | 21 |
Current clubs
[edit]
| Club | Location | Stadium | Capacity | Seasons | Best finish | Worst finish | Current spell | Head coach | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Chinese name | ||||||||
| Beijing Guoan | 北京国安 | Beijing | Workers' Stadium | 68,000 | 2004 to 2024 | 1st (2009) | 9th (2017) | from 2004 |  Ricardo Soares
|
| Cangzhou Mighty Lions | 沧州雄狮 | Cangzhou | Cangzhou Stadium | 31,836 | 2015 to 2016 2020 to 2024 |
7th (2015) | 16th (2016, 2020) | from 2020 |  Li Xiaopeng
|
| Changchun Yatai | 长春亚泰 | Changchun | Changchun Stadium | 41,638 | 2006 to 2018 2021 to 2024 |
1st (2007) | 15th (2018) | from 2021 | Xie Hui
|
| Chengdu Rongcheng | 成都蓉城 | Chengdu | Chengdu Phoenix Hill Football Stadium | 50,695 | 2022 to 2024 | 4th (2023) | 5th (2022) | from 2022 |  Seo Jung-won
|
| Henan | 河南 | Zhengzhou | Zhengzhou Hanghai Stadium | 29,860 | 2007 to 2012 2014 to 2024 |
3rd (2009) | 16th (2012) | from 2014 | Nam Ki-Il
|
| Meizhou Hakka | 梅州客家 | Wuhua | Huitang Stadium | 27,000 | 2022 to 2024 | 9th (2022) | 11th (2023) | from 2022 |  Milan Ristić
|
| Nantong Zhiyun | 南通支云 | Rugao | Rugao Olympic Sports Center | 14,603 | 2023 to 2024 | 14th (2023) | from 2023 | David Patrício
| |
| Qingdao Hainiu | 青岛海牛 | Qingdao | Qingdao Youth Football Stadium | 52,800 | 2004 to 2013 2023 to 2024 |
6th (2011) | 15th (2013) | from 2023 |  Yasen Petrov
|
| Qingdao West Coast | 青岛西海岸 | Qingdao | Guzhenkou University City Sports Center Stadium | 20,000 | 2024 | none | from 2024 | Shao Jiayi
| |
| Shandong Taishan | 山东泰山 | Jinan | Jinan Olympic Sports Luneng Stadium | 56,808 | 2004 to 2024 | 1st (2006, 2008, 2010, 2021) | 14th (2016) | from 2004 | Choi Kang-hee
|
| Shanghai Port | 上海海港 | Shanghai | Pudong Football Stadium | 37,000 | 2013 to 2024 | 1st (2018, 2023) | 9th (2013) | from 2013 |  Kevin Muscat
|
| Shanghai Shenhua | 上海申花 | Shanghai | Shanghai Stadium | 71,066 | 2004 to 2024 | 2nd (2005, 2006, 2008) | 13th (2019) | from 2004 |  Leonid Slutsky
|
| Shenzhen Peng City | 深圳新鹏城 | Shenzhen | Bao'an Stadium | 44,050 | 2024 | none | from 2024 |  Christian Lattanzio
| |
| Tianjin Jinmen Tiger | 天津津门虎 | Tianjin | TEDA Football Stadium | 36,390 | 2004 to 2024 | 2nd (2010) | 14th (2018) | from 2004 | Yu Genwei
|
| Wuhan Three Towns | 武汉三镇 | Wuhan | Wuhan Sports Center | 56,201 | 2022 to 2024 | 1st (2022) | 7th (2023) | from 2022 |  Ricardo Rodríguez
|
| Zhejiang | 浙江 | Hangzhou | Hangzhou Yellow Dragon Sports Center | 51,971 | 2007 to 2016 2022 to 2024 |
3rd (2022, 2023) | 15th (2009, 2016) | from 2022 | Jordi Vinyals
|
Former clubs
[edit]| Club | Home City | Stadium | Capacity | Seasons in CSL | Best finish | Worst finish | Current league | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English name | Chinese name | |||||||
| Dalian Pro | 大连人 | Dalian | Dalian Barracuda Bay Football Stadium | 63,000 | 2012 to 2014, 2018 to 2023 | 5th (2012, 2013) | 15th (2014, 2021, 2023) | Defunct |
| Shenzhen | 深圳 | Shenzhen | Shenzhen Universiade Sports Centre | 60,334 | 2004 to 2011, 2019 to 2023 | 1st (2004) | 16th (2011, 2023) | Defunct |
| Guangzhou City | 广州城 | Guangzhou | Yuexiushan Stadium | 18,000 | 2004 to 2010, 2012 to 2022 | 3rd (2014) | 16th (2010) | Defunct |
| Wuhan Yangtze River | 武汉长江 | Wuhan | Wuhan Five Rings Sports Center | 30,000 | 2013, 2019 to 2022 | 6th (2019) | 16th (2013, 2022) | Defunct |
| Hebei | 河北 | Langfang | Langfang Stadium | 30,040 | 2016 to 2022 | 4th (2017) | 18th (2022) | Defunct |
| Chongqing Liangjiang Athletic | 重庆两江竞技 | Chongqing | Chongqing Olympic Sports Center | 58,680 | 2004 to 2006, 2009 to 2010, 2015 to 2021 |
6th (2020) | 16th (2009) | Defunct |
| Qingdao | 青岛 | Qingdao | Conson Stadium | 45,000 | 2020 to 2021 | 14th (2020) | 16th (2021) | Defunct |
| Jiangsu | 江苏 | Nanjing | Nanjing Olympic Sports Centre | 61,443 | 2009 to 2020 | 1st (2020) | 13th (2013) | Defunct |
| Beijing Renhe | 北京人和 | Fengtai | Beijing Fengtai Stadium | 31,043 | 2004 to 2015 2018 to 2019 |
3rd (2004) | 16th (2019) | Defunct |
| Tianjin Tianhai | 天津天海 | Tianjin | Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium | 60,000 | 2017 to 2019 | 3rd (2017) | 14th (2019) | Defunct |
| Guizhou F.C. | 贵州恒丰 | Guiyang | Guiyang Olympic Sports Center | 51,636 | 2017 to 2018 | 8th (2017) | 16th (2018) | Defunct |
| Liaoning F.C. | 辽宁宏运 | Shenyang | Tiexi New District Sports Center | 30,000 | 2004 to 2008 2010 to 2017 |
3rd (2011) | 16th (2017) | Defunct |
| Yanbian Funde | 延边富德 | Yanji | Yanji Stadium | 30,000 | 2016 to 2017 | 9th (2016) | 15th (2017) | Defunct |
| Shanghai Shenxin | 上海申鑫 | Jinshan | Jinshan Football Stadium | 30,000 | 2010 to 2015 | 7th (2013) | 16th (2015) | Defunct |
| Shaoxing Keqiao Yuejia | 绍兴柯桥越甲 | Shaoxing | China Textile City Sports Center | 20,000 | 2014 | 16th (2014) | Defunct | |
| Dalian Shide | 大连实德 | Dalian | Dalian Jinzhou Stadium | 30,776 | 2004 to 2012 | 1st (2005) | 14th (2008, 2012) | Defunct |
| Chengdu Tiancheng | 成都天誠 | Chengdu | Shuangliu Sports Center | 26,000 | 2008 to 2009, 2011 | 9th (2009) | 15th (2011) | Defunct |
| Wuhan Optics Valley | 武汉光谷 | Wuhan | Wuhan Sports Center | 54,000 | 2005 to 2008 | 5th (2005) | 16th (2008) | Defunct |
| Xiamen Blue Lions | 厦门蓝狮 | Xiamen | Xiamen People's Stadium | 32,000 | 2006 to 2007 | 8th (2006) | 15th (2007) | Defunct |
| Shanghai United | 上海联城 | Shanghai | Yuanshen Sports Centre Stadium | 16,000 | 2005 to 2006 | 7th (2006) | 11th (2005) | Defunct |
| Sichuan First City | 四川冠城 | Chengdu | Chengdu Sports Centre | 39,225 | 2004 to 2005 | 9th (2004, 2005) | Defunct | |
Rivalries
[edit]There are several key rivalries and local derbies that have formed in the Chinese Super League, including:
- 2004: Beijing Guoan v Shanghai Shenhua
- Matches between Shanghai Shenhua, Shanghai International, Shanghai United, Shanghai Shenxin, and Shanghai Port
- 2012–2022: Guangzhou v Guangzhou City
- 2012: Dalian Shide v Dalian Aerbin
- 2017–2019: Tianjin Teda v Tianjin Tianhai
- 2018–2019: Beijing Guoan v Beijing Renhe
Players
[edit]Player salaries and transfers
[edit]Professional footballers in China receive relatively high salaries when compared to other Chinese sports leagues and football leagues in other countries. The average salary for CSL players is $1,016,579 in 2017,[10] it is ranked at eleventh place among all of the professional sports leagues and the sixth-highest of any professional association football league in the world.
CSL has two transfer windows—the primary pre-season transfer window lasts two months from January to February, and the secondary mid season transfer window runs one month from mid June to mid July. As of the 2018 season, the CSL introduced new rules mandating that each club must register a maximum 31-man squad, with 27 Chinese Players, including a player from Hong Kong, Macau and Chinese Taipei, and 4 foreign players. In the transfer window clubs could sign 5 Chinese players at any age, plus 3 under 21 Chinese players; clubs could register 4 foreign players in the winter transfer, and replace two of them in the summer transfer.[11]
The record transfer fee for a CSL player has risen rapidly since the investment boost started in 2015. The six most expensive transfers with players coming to CSL have exceeded €30 million, with Chelsea selling Oscar to Shanghai SIPG in December 2016 for a fee of €60 million,[12] Zenit Saint Petersburg selling Hulk to Shanghai SIPG for €55.8 million in July 2016, Shakhtar Donetsk selling Alex Teixeira to Jiangsu Suning for €50 million in February 2016, Atlético Madrid selling Jackson Martínez to Guangzhou Evergrande for €42 million in February 2016, Villarreal selling Cédric Bakambu to Beijing Guoan for €40 million in February 2018, Atlético Madrid selling Yannick Carrasco to Dalian Yifang for €30 million in February 2018. Guangzhou Evergrande's sale of Paulinho to Barcelona for €40 million in 2017 broke the record for a CSL player transfer to other leagues. Transfer fees for domestic players also increased dramatically. Beijing Guoan sold Chinese International Zhang Chengdong to Hebei China Fortune for ¥15 million in January 2017, breaking the domestic transfer record for Chinese players.
The Chinese Football Association introduced a new transfer tax to restrict transfer spending. On June 20, 2017, CFA announced that any club that pays more than ¥45 million for a foreign player transfer or ¥20 million for a Chinese player transfer must pay the same amount to a CFA youth development fund.[13]
In December 2020, the CFA imposed a salary cap on the Super League. Starting with the 2021 season, total player wages are capped at ¥600 million, with a separate limit of €10 million for foreign players. Individual player salaries are also capped, at ¥5 million before tax for Chinese players and €3 million for foreign players.[14]
Foreign player policy
[edit]In early years, numerous players from Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin America regions were signed as the foreign players in the Chinese league. Steadily, a lot of players transferred to China from major European and South American Leagues. The league has rules, at present, restricting the number of foreign players strictly to four per team. A team could use a maximum of three foreign players on the field each game. This is to promote native player improvement and to conform to rules regarding international club competitions in the AFC. Between 2009 and 2017, there was an additional slot for a player from AFC countries. During the middle of the 2012 season, it was decided that teams that were competing in the AFC Champions League were allowed to have two extra foreign players, which can bring the number of foreigners on a team's seven; however, the policy was removed in the 2013 season.
| Season | Squad | Match | On-field | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994–2000 | 3 | 3 | 3 | |
| 2001–2003 | 4 | 4 | 3 | From 2001, foreign goalkeepers were restricted to play in matches. |
| 2004–2006 | 3 | 3 | 2 | |
| 2007–2008 | 4 | 4 | 3 | |
| 2009–2016 | 4+1 | 4+1 | 3+1 | "+1" refers to the AFC quota. Teams may add a player from another country within the AFC; examples include Bhutan, Maldives, and Nepal. |
| 2017 | 4+1 | 3 | 3 | Teams can use three foreign players at most in a match.[15] |
| 2018–2019.7 | 4 | 3 | 3 | Teams can use three foreign players at most in a match. The number of foreign players on-field in one match must be no more than the number of U-23 domestic players.[16] |
| 2019.7–2019.12 | 4 | 4 | 3 | |
| 2020–2023 | 5 | 5 | 4 | |
| 2024– | 5 | 5 | 5 |
Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwanese players
[edit]Policy for Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwanese players has changed continuously. Players from Hong Kong Football Association were considered foreigners at the beginning of 2009, but the league held back the change until the summer transfer window. After the 2010 season, players from Macau Football Association and Chinese Taipei Football Association (except goalkeepers) were not considered foreigners in CSL matches, but will be regarded as foreigners in AFC competitions. In the 2015 season, players who had not played for the Hong Kong national football team, Macau national football team or the Chinese Taipei national football team were no longer deemed native players.[17] In the 2016 and 2017 season, players from the three associations whose contract was signed after 1 January 2016 were no longer deemed native players.[18] From the 2018 season, a club could register one non-naturalized player from the three associations as a native player.[19] According to the Chinese FA, a non-naturalized player refers to someone who was first registered as a professional footballer in the three football associations. Furthermore, Hong Kong or Macau players must be of Chinese descent of Hong Kong or Macau permanent resident, and Taiwanese players must be citizens of Taiwan.[20]
Most goals and appearances
[edit]- As of 17 August 2024
Bold denotes players still playing in the CSL.
|
Bold denotes players still playing in the CSL. |
Head coaches
[edit]In early years Chinese and Serbian coaches achieved success in the Chinese Super League. Just like the Jia-A period, the majority of foreign coaches were from countries like Serbia, Croatia and South Korea. Nowadays most CSL clubs appoint coaches from Western Europe and South America. Guangzhou Evergrande were the first side to spend big to bring in European and South American coaches. World Cup winning managers Marcello Lippi and Luiz Felipe Scolari had successful experiences at Guangzhou Evergrande. Famous coaches who have coached in China include Fabio Capello, Felix Magath, Manuel Pellegrini, Dan Petrescu, André Villas-Boas, Cuca, Sven-Göran Eriksson, Sergio Batista, Radomir Antić.
| Head coach | Club | Wins | Winning years |
|---|---|---|---|
| Marcello Lippi
|
Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 3 | 2012, 2013, 2014 |
 Luiz Felipe Scolari
|
Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 2015, 2016, 2017 | |
| Ljubiša Tumbaković
|
Shandong Luneng Taishan | 2 | 2006, 2008 |
| Zhu Guanghu
|
Shenzhen Jianlibao | 1 | 2004 |
| Vladimir Petrović
|
Dalian Shide | 2005 | |
| Gao Hongbo
|
Changchun Yatai | 2007 | |
| Hong Yuanshuo
|
Beijing Guoan | 2009 | |
 Branko Ivanković
|
Shandong Luneng Taishan | 2010 | |
| Lee Jang-soo
|
Guangzhou Evergrande | 2011 | |
| Vítor Pereira
|
Shanghai SIPG | 2018 | |
| Fabio Cannavaro
|
Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 2019 | |
 Cosmin Olăroiu
|
Jiangsu Suning | 2020 | |
| Hao Wei
|
Shandong Taishan | 2021 | |
| Pedro Morilla
|
Wuhan Three Towns | 2022 | |
| Javier Pereira
|
Shanghai Port | 2023 |
| Nat. | Name | Club | Appointed | Time in charge |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Kevin Muscat | Shanghai Port | 1 January 2024 | 308 days |
|
Choi Kang-hee | Shandong Taishan | 16 May 2023 | 1 year, 172 days |
|
Jordi Vinyals | Zhejiang | 1 January 2021 | 3 years, 308 days |
|
Seo Jung-won | Chengdu Rongcheng | 12 December 2020 | 3 years, 328 days |
|
Leonid Slutsky | Shanghai Shenhua | 1 January 2024 | 308 days |
|
Ricardo Soares | Beijing Guoan | 15 June 2023 | 1 year, 142 days |
|
Ricardo Rodríguez | Wuhan Three Towns | 5 January 2024 | 304 days |
|
Yu Genwei | Tianjin Jinmen Tiger | 26 March 2021 | 3 years, 223 days |
|
Xie Hui | Changchun Yatai | 17 April 2024 | 201 days |
|
Nam Ki-il | Henan | 8 January 2024 | 301 days |
|
Milan Ristić | Meizhou Hakka | 12 June 2024 | 145 days |
|
Zhao Junzhe | Cangzhou Mighty Lions | 23 February 2023 | 1 year, 255 days |
|
Yasen Petrov | Qingdao Hainiu | 25 December 2023 | 315 days |
|
David Patrício | Nantong Zhiyun | 25 June 2024 | 132 days |
|
Jesús Tato | Shenzhen Peng City | 21 April 2023 | 1 year, 197 days |
 |
Hisashi Kurosaki | Qingdao West Coast | 2 January 2024 | 307 days |
| Rank | Manager | Games | Club(s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Ma Lin
|
245 | Liaoning FC (2004, 2008, 2010–2013, 2015–2017); Chongqing Lifan (2005); Dalian Yifang (2014) |
| 2 | Shen Xiangfu
|
203 | Beijing Guoan (2005–2006); Guangzhou Pharmaceutical (2008–2009); Changchun Yatai (2010–2011); Henan Jianye (2012); Shanghai Shenhua (2013–2014) |
| 3 | Ljubiša Tumbaković
|
178 | Shandong Luneng Taishan (2004–2009); Wuhan Zall (2013) |
| 4 | Gao Hongbo
|
160 | Xiamen Lanshi (2006); Changchun Yatai (2007–2008); Guizhou Renhe (2011–2012); Shanghai East Asia (2013); Jiangsu Sainty (2013–2015) |
| 5 | Jia Xiuquan
|
152 | Henan Jianye (2008, 2014–2017); Shanghai Shenhua (2008–2009) |
| 5 | Tang Yaodong
|
152 | Liaoning FC (2005–2007); Henan Jianye (2008–2010, 2014) |
| 6 | Chang Woe-ryong
|
149 | Qingdao Jonoon (2011, 2012–2013); Dalian Aerbin (2011); Chongqing Lifan (2016–2017, 2019–2022); Henan Jianye (2018) |
| 7 | Lee Jang-soo
|
148 | Beijing Guoan (2006–2009); Guangzhou Evergrande (2011–2012); Changchun Yatai (2016–2017); Shenzhen (2022) |
| 9 |  Arie Haan
|
137 | Chongqing Lifan (2009); Tianjin Teda (2010–2011, 2014–2015) |
| 10 | Zhu Jiong
|
136 | Shanghai Shenxin (2010–2013); Guizhou Renhe (2014–2015) |
| Statistics correct as of the end of the 2022 Chinese Super League | |||
Attendance
[edit]The Chinese Super League has the highest average attendance of any football league in Asia. However, stadiums have capacity restrictions.
Season averages
[edit]| Season | Total attendance | Games | Average | Change | High avg. | Team | No. Of Clubs | Relegation Slots |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 1,430,600 | 132 | 10,838 | -63.4% | 23,636 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | 12 | - |
| 2005 | 1,871,700 | 182 | 10,284 | -5.4% | 26,000 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | 14 | - |
| 2006 | 2,228,300 | 210 | 10,611 | +3.2% | 30,679 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | 15 | 1 |
| 2007 | 3,173,500 | 210 | 15,112 | +42.4% | 24,643 | Shanxi Chanba | 15 | 1 |
| 2008 | 3,065,280 | 228 | 13,444 | -12.4% | 26,501 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | 16 | 2 |
| 2009 | 3,854,115 | 240 | 16,059 | +19.5% | 36,805 | Beijing Guoan | 16 | 2 |
| 2010 | 3,499,304 | 240 | 14,581 | -9.2% | 33,342 | Beijing Guoan | 16 | 2 |
| 2011 | 4,236,322 | 240 | 17,651 | +21.1% | 45,666 | Guangzhou Evergrande | 16 | 2 |
| 2012 | 4,497,578 | 240 | 18,740 | +6.2% | 37,250 | Guangzhou Evergrande | 16 | 2 |
| 2013 | 4,456,977 | 240 | 18,571 | -0.9% | 40,428 | Guangzhou Evergrande | 16 | 2 |
| 2014 | 4,556,520 | 240 | 18,986 | +2.2% | 42,154 | Guangzhou Evergrande | 16 | 2 |
| 2015 | 5,326,304 | 240 | 22,193 | +16.8% | 45,889 | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 16 | 2 |
| 2016 | 5,798,135 | 240 | 24,159 | +8.8% | 44,883 | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 16 | 2 |
| 2017 | 5,703,871 | 240 | 23,766 | −1.6% | 45,587 | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 16 | 2 |
| 2018 | 5,785,766 | 240 | 24,107 | +1.4% | 47,002 | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 16 | 2 |
Attendance by clubs
[edit]This table lists average attendances of clubs yearly, but only for seasons when that club played in the top division. Clubs are listed with their current names.
| Team | Crowd average | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |
| Beijing Guoan | 10,864 | 18,923 | 13,571 | 21,571 | 14,641 | 36,805 | 33,342 | 40,397 | 36,879 | 39,269 | 39,395 | 40,997 | 38,114 | 34,684 | 41,743 |
| Beijing Renhe | 8,455 | 4,385 | 17,286 | 24,643 | 24,625 | 23,026 | 28,053 | 27,836 | 29,574 | 21,312 | 12,327 | 15,139 | – | – | 12,534 |
| Changchun Yatai | – | – | 8,607 | 16,429 | 5,797 | 12,179 | 10,067 | 13,835 | 12,701 | 12,975 | 12,886 | 14,855 | 15,335 | 16,477 | 18,819 |
| Chongqing Dangdai Lifan | 15,727 | 5,731 | 6,536 | – | – | 11,440 | 11,433 | – | – | – | – | 37,595 | 36,178 | 34,439 | 32,434 |
| Chengdu Blades | – | – | – | – | 12,378 | 11,873 | – | 6,443 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Dalian Yifang | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 15,774 | 10,538 | 10,993 | – | – | – | 33,145 |
| Dalian Shide | 11,273 | 14,000 | 5,043 | 10,286 | 7,900 | 16,613 | 12,307 | 17,148 | 11,093 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | – | – | – | – | 19,624 | 20,057 | – | 45,666 | 37,250 | 40,428 | 42,154 | 45,889 | 44,883 | 45,587 | 47,002 |
| Guangzhou City | 5,000 | 2,077 | 2,750 | 10,571 | 6,645 | 8,498 | 10,152 | – | 8,460 | 10,384 | 11,487 | 7,989 | 9,831 | 9,904 | 10,321 |
| Guizhou Hengfeng | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 21,102 | 16,703 |
| Hebei China Fortune | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 18,469 | 18,054 | 16,029 |
| Henan Jianye | – | – | – | 16,857 | 16,267 | 19,255 | 18,630 | 16,334 | 17,526 | – | 18,390 | 20,207 | 17,282 | 18,933 | 18,402 |
| Jiangsu Suning | – | – | – | – | – | 15,976 | 10,667 | 17,170 | 31,163 | 28,808 | 24,349 | 26,858 | 38,992 | 32,697 | 32,508 |
| Liaoning Whowin | 7,727 | 11,000 | 6,929 | 15,929 | 11,733 | – | 10,100 | 19,621 | 18,638 | 20,850 | 12,781 | 12,788 | 22,506 | 12,429 | – |
| Qingdao Jonoon | 4,645 | 4,500 | 6,071 | 7,179 | 6,600 | 8,774 | 6,247 | 8,464 | 9,538 | 8,284 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Shandong Luneng Taishan | 23,636 | 26,000 | 30,679 | 22,607 | 26,501 | 17,015 | 15,901 | 12,112 | 20,148 | 27,683 | 23,931 | 22,559 | 18,932 | 30,283 | 24,785 |
| Shanghai Greenland Shenhua | 13,636 | 12,462 | 12,786 | 11,393 | 11,510 | 12,627 | 12,963 | 9,828 | 14,761 | 12,739 | 15,417 | 19,506 | 22,690 | 19,021 | 21,480 |
| Shanghai Shenxin | – | – | – | – | – | – | 11,680 | 10,462 | 11,597 | 8,559 | 10,115 | 7,028 | – | – | – |
| Shanghai SIPG | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 10,161 | 12,460 | 26,381 | 28,040 | 29,174 | 21,631 |
| Shanghai United | – | 4,885 | 2,193 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Shenzhen F.C. | 10,364 | 2,423 | 10,071 | 13,000 | 6,400 | 13,460 | 12,439 | 10,277 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Shijiazhuang Ever Bright | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25,070 | 22,523 | – | – |
| Sichuan Guancheng | 5,545 | 5,477 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tianjin Tianhai | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 24,877 | 19,695 |
| Tianjin Teda | 13,182 | 16,462 | 18,071 | 15,429 | 14,007 | 14,554 | 14,757 | 18,242 | 14,175 | 16,577 | 17,190 | 19,661 | 21,740 | 14,531 | 18,487 |
| Wuhan Guanggu | – | 15,654 | 10,500 | 13,179 | 12,556 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Wuhan Zall | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 14,403 | – | – | – | – | – |
| Xiamen Lanshi | – | – | 8,071 | 8,036 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yanbian Funde | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 19,304 | 18,058 | – |
| Zhejiang | – | – | – | 19,571 | 12,188 | 14,790 | 14,550 | 8,586 | 10,563 | 14,164 | 13,766 | 12,566 | 11,723 | – | – |
| Zhejiang Yiteng | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 26,126 | – | – | – | – |
| Whole season | 10,838 | 10,284 | 10,611 | 15,112 | 13,444 | 16,059 | 14,581 | 17,651 | 18,740 | 18,571 | 18,986 | 22,193 | 24,159 | 23,766 | 24,107 |
Individual game highest attendance records
[edit]- As of 5 April 2024
| Rank | Home team | Score | Away team | Attendance | Stadium | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jiangsu Sainty | 1–1 | Guangzhou Evergrande | 65,769 | Nanjing Olympic Stadium | 20 Oct 2012 |
| 2 | Jiangsu Sainty | 1–2 | Guangzhou Evergrande | 58,792 | Nanjing Olympic Stadium | 14 Jul 2013 |
| 3 | Beijing Sinobo Guoan | 1–3 | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 57,056 | Worker's Stadium | 11 Aug 2019 |
| 4 | Beijing Sinobo Guoan | 1–1 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | 56,544 | Worker's Stadium | 5 Aug 2018 |
| 5 | Guangzhou Evergrande | 1–0 | Guangzhou R&F | 56,300 | Tianhe Stadium | 25 Aug 2013 |
| 6 | Beijing Sinobo Guoan | 2–2 | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 56,211 | Worker's Stadium | 22 Apr 2018 |
| 7 | Beijing Guoan | 4–0 | Hangzhou Greentown | 54,116 | Worker's Stadium | 31 Oct 2009 |
| 8 | Beijing Sinobo Guoan | 2–0 | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 54,018 | Worker's Stadium | 10 Jul 2017 |
| 9 | Beijing Sinobo Guoan | 2–2 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | 53,906 | Worker's Stadium | 5 Aug 2017 |
| 10 | Beijing Guoan | 2–2 | Shanghai Port | 53,898 | Worker's Stadium | 5 Apr 2024 |
Awards
[edit]The official Chinese Super league annual awards are given to clubs, players, managers and referees based on their performance during the season.
Trophy
[edit]The Fire-god trophy is the official trophy award to CSL champions. The trophy was created by the Sculpture Department of the Central Academy of Fine Arts and donated by the official partner of the Chinese Super League, Hengyuanxiang Group, in 2004. It consists of a pure gold trophy and a nephrite plinth base. The lower part of the trophy is the model of a Great Wall beacon tower; on the upper part, on top of the rising beacon, is a football wrapped by the earth, while the base has the engraved years and names of each Chinese Super League winner since 2004. The trophy weighs 5.548 kilograms (12.23 lb). The trophy and plinth are 52 cm (20 in) tall.
The trophy is not awarded to the winning club permanently. After the award ceremony they are awarded a replica, and they are allowed to retain the genuine trophy for one year.
Player of the Year
[edit]It is also named the "Most Valuable Player".
| Year | Footballer | Club | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Zhao Junzhe | Liaoning Zhongyu | China
|
| 2005 | Branko Jelić | Beijing Guoan | Serbia
|
| 2006 | Zheng Zhi | Shandong Luneng Taishan | China
|
| 2007 | Du Zhenyu | Changchun Yatai | |
| 2008 | Emil Martínez | Shanghai Shenhua |  Honduras
|
| 2009 | Samuel Caballero | Changchun Yatai | |
| 2010 | Duvier Riascos | Shanghai Shenhua |  Colombia
|
| 2011 | Muriqui | Guangzhou Evergrande | Brazil
|
| 2012 | Cristian Dănălache | Jiangsu Sainty | Romania
|
| 2013 | Darío Conca | Guangzhou Evergrande |  Argentina
|
| 2014 | Elkeson | Brazil
| |
| 2015 | Ricardo Goulart | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | |
| 2016 | |||
| 2017 | Eran Zahavi | Guangzhou R&F |  Israel
|
| 2018 | Wu Lei | Shanghai SIPG | China
|
| 2019 | Paulinho | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | Brazil
|
| 2023 | Wu Lei | Shanghai Port | China
|
Golden Boot Award
[edit]This award is awarded to the top goalscorer of the league that year.
| Year | Top scorer | Club | Goals |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 |  Kwame Ayew
|
Inter Shanghai | 17 |
| 2005 | Branko Jelić
|
Beijing Guoan | 21 |
| 2006 | Li Jinyu
|
Shandong Luneng Taishan | 26 |
| 2007 | 15 | ||
| 2008 | Éber Luís
|
Tianjin Teda | 14 |
| 2009 | Hernán Barcos Luis Ramírez
|
Shenzhen Asia Travel / Shanghai Shenhua Guangzhou GPC |
17 |
| 2010 | Duvier Riascos
|
Shanghai Shenhua | 20 |
| 2011 | Muriqui
|
Guangzhou Evergrande | 16 |
| 2012 | Cristian Dănălache
|
Jiangsu Sainty | 23 |
| 2013 | Elkeson
|
Guangzhou Evergrande | 24 |
| 2014 | 28 | ||
| 2015 | Aloísio
|
Shandong Luneng Taishan | 22 |
| 2016 | Ricardo Goulart
|
Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 19 |
| 2017 | Eran Zahavi
|
Guangzhou R&F | 27 |
| 2018 | Wu Lei
|
Shanghai SIPG | 27 |
| 2019 | Eran Zahavi
|
Guangzhou R&F | 29 |
| 2020 |  Cédric Bakambu
|
Beijing Guoan | 14 |
| 2021 | Júnior Negrão
|
Changchun Yatai | 14 |
| 2022 | Marcão
|
Wuhan Three Towns | 27 |
| 2023 | Leonardo
|
Changchun Yatai and Zhejiang | 19 |
There is also an award that is awarded to the top Chinese goalscorer of that season, which was first introduced in 2011.
| Year | Top scorer | Club | Goals |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2011 | Yu Hanchao | Liaoning FC | 12 |
| 2012 | Wang Yongpo | Shandong Luneng Taishan | 10 |
| 2013 | Wu Lei | Shanghai East Asia | 15 |
| 2014 | 12 | ||
| 2015 | Shanghai SIPG | 14 | |
| 2016 | 14 | ||
| 2017 | 20 | ||
| 2018 | 27 | ||
| 2019 | Wei Shihao | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | 11 |
| 2020 | 8 | ||
| 2021 | Guo Tianyu | Shandong Taishan | 10 |
| 2022 | Zhang Yuning | Beijing Guoan | 19 |
| 2023 | Wu Lei | Shanghai Port | 18 |
Manager of the Year
[edit]| Year | Manager | Club | Standings | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Zhu Guanghu | Shenzhen Jianlibao | Chinese Super League champions | China
|
| 2005 | Vladimir Petrović | Dalian Shide | Chinese Super League champions; Chinese FA Cup winners | Serbia
|
| 2006 | Ljubiša Tumbaković | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Chinese Super League champions; Chinese FA Cup winners | Serbia
|
| 2007 | Gao Hongbo | Changchun Yatai | Chinese Super League champions | China
|
| 2008 | Ljubiša Tumbaković | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Chinese Super League champions | Serbia
|
| 2009 | Tang Yaodong | Henan Jianye | Chinese Super League third place | China
|
| 2010 | Branko Ivanković | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Chinese Super League champions | Croatia
|
| 2011 | Ma Lin | Liaoning Whowin | Chinese Super League third place | China
|
| 2012 | Dragan Okuka | Jiangsu Sainty | Chinese Super League runners-up | Serbia
|
| 2013 | Marcello Lippi | Guangzhou Evergrande | Chinese Super League champions; AFC Champions League winners | Italy
|
| 2014 | Gregorio Manzano | Beijing Guoan | Chinese Super League runners-up | Spain
|
| 2015 | Luiz Felipe Scolari | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | Chinese Super League champions; AFC Champions League winners | Brazil
|
| 2016 | Luiz Felipe Scolari | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | Chinese Super League champions; Chinese FA Cup winners | Brazil
|
| 2017 | Fabio Cannavaro | Tianjin Quanjian | Chinese Super League 3rd place | Italy
|
| 2018 | Li Xiaopeng | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Chinese Super League 3rd place | China
|
| 2019 | Li Xiaopeng | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Chinese Super League 3rd place | China
|
| 2023 | Choi Kang-hee | Shandong Taishan | Chinese Super League 2nd place | South Korea
|
Youth Player of the Year
[edit]| Year | Footballer | Club | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Chen Tao | Shenyang Ginde | |
| 2005 | Hao Junmin | Tianjin Teda | |
| 2006 | Wang Dalei | Shanghai Liancheng | |
| 2007 | Hao Junmin | Tianjin Teda | |
| 2008 | Huang Bowen | Beijing Guoan | |
| 2009 | Deng Zhuoxiang | Jiangsu Sainty | |
| 2010 | Zheng Zheng | Shandong Luneng Taishan | |
| 2011 | Song Wenjie | Qingdao Jonoon | |
| 2012 | Zhang Xizhe | Beijing Guoan | |
| 2013 | Jin Jingdao | Shandong Luneng Taishan | |
| 2014 | Liu Binbin | Shandong Luneng Taishan | |
| 2015 | Vacancy[21] | ||
| 2016 | Li Xiaoming | Henan Jianye | |
| 2017 | Hu Jinghang | Henan Jianye | |
| 2018 | Huang Zichang | Jiangsu Suning | |
| 2019 | Zhu Chenjie | Shanghai Greenland Shenhua | |
| 2023 | Shahsat Hujahmat | Shenzhen | |
There is also an award that is awarded to the U-23 player of the year, which was first introduced in 2017.
| Year | Footballer | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2017 | Huang Zhengyu | Guangzhou R&F |
Goalkeeper of the Year
[edit]| Year | Footballer | Club |
|---|---|---|
| 2012 | Deng Xiaofei | Jiangsu Sainty |
| 2013 | Zeng Cheng | Guangzhou Evergrande |
| 2014 | Wang Dalei | Shandong Luneng Taishan |
| 2015 | Zeng Cheng | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao |
| 2016 | ||
| 2017 | Yan Junling | Shanghai SIPG |
| 2018 | ||
| 2019 | ||
| 2023 | Wang Dalei | Shandong Taishan |
Sponsors
[edit]Title sponsor
[edit]The current official title sponsor of the Chinese Super League is C'estbon, since 2024.
| Season | Sponsor | Annual value | Official league name |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Siemens Mobile | €8 million | Siemens Mobile Chinese Super League |
| 2005 | No sponsor | Chinese Football Association Super League | |
| 2006 | IPhox | €6 million | Iphox Chinese Super League |
| 2007 | Kingway Beer | ¥36 million[22] | Kingway Beer Chinese Super League |
| 2008 | ¥38 million | Kingway Beer Chinese Super League | |
| 2009 | Pirelli | €5 million[23] | Pirelli Chinese Super League |
| 2010 | €5 million | Pirelli Chinese Super League | |
| 2011 | Wanda Plaza | ¥65 million[24] | Wanda Plaza Chinese Super League |
| 2012 | ¥65 million | Wanda Plaza Chinese Super League | |
| 2013 | ¥65 million | Wanda Plaza Chinese Super League | |
| 2014 | Ping An Insurance | ¥150 million[25] | Ping An Chinese Super League |
| 2015 | ¥165 million | Ping An Chinese Super League | |
| 2016 | ¥181.5 million | Ping An Chinese Super League | |
| 2017 | ¥199.65 million | Ping An Chinese Super League | |
| 2018 | ¥200 million | Ping An Chinese Super League | |
| 2019 | Ping An Chinese Super League | ||
| 2020 | Ping An Chinese Super League | ||
| 2021 | Ping An Chinese Super League | ||
| 2022 | Ping An Chinese Super League | ||
| 2023 | Ping An Chinese Super League | ||
| 2024 | China Resources C'estbon | China Resources C'estbon Chinese Super League |
Partners and suppliers
[edit]As well as sponsorship for the league itself, the Chinese Super League has a number of official partners and suppliers. The official equipment supplier for the league is Nike who have had the contract since the 2005 season. According to data published by Imedia Culture Communication Co., Ltd, the sponsor value from official partners and suppliers of Chinese Super League reaches 600 million Yuan in 2017 season.[26]
The following table shows the partners and suppliers of the Chinese Super League. Bold denotes current sponsor.
| Company | Duration |
|---|---|
| Nike | 2020–2029 |
| China Mobile (Migu) | 2024- |
| C'estbon | 2023- |
| Chevron | 2023- |
| Guoquan | 2023- |
| EA Sports | 2018- |
| Mengniu Dairy | 2020–2022 |
| SAIC Motor | 2018–2022 |
| Fengkuang.cn | 2017–2022 |
| Tsingtao Laoshan Beer | 2017–2022 |
| Ganten | 2017–2022 |
| DHL | 2014–2022 |
| Tmall | 2018–2020 |
| Absen LED | 2017–2020 |
| Eastroc Super Drink | 2018–2019 |
| ImagineChina | 2017–2019 |
| TAG Heuer | 2016–2019 |
| Shell | 2014–2019 |
| JD.com | 2010, 2013–2017 |
| Red Bull | 2015–2017 |
| Ford | 2014–2017 |
| Yanghe | 2017 |
| Ledman Solar | 2011–2016 |
| Carlsberg | 2013–2016 |
| Samsung | 2013–2014 |
| Huiyuan Juice | 2014 |
| China Auto Rental | 2013 |
| SDLG | 2011–2013 |
| Harbin Beer | 2011–2012 |
| Shinery Motor | 2009–2010 |
| Frestech | 2010 |
| Canon | 2004–2008 |
| CP-Freda | 2004–2006 |
| Hengyuanxiang | 2004–2006 |
| Hyundai Motors | 2004–2005 |
Media coverage
[edit]China
[edit]The first broadcast rights holders of the rebranded Chinese Super League was the Shanghai Media Group (SMG). In September 2003, they signed a three-year contract for 2004, 2005 and 2006 seasons.[27] The second SMG contract was signed in February 2007 for the five-year period from 2007 to 2011.[28]
CCTV acquired the CSL television rights in 2012, and they held the rights until 2015 under annual contract.[29] CSL was broadcast in CCTV's public cable TV channel CCTV5 and CCTV5+ but the satellite TV rights were sold to Cloud Media from 2014 to 2017.
Starting from the 2016 season, the Chinese Super League sold its television rights on a collective basis. However, it benefits CSL clubs almost equally according to CSL commercial contracts. The money is divided into three parts: 10% reserved for the Chinese football association and CSL company, which is paid out as facilities fees and management expenses, as to the remaining 90%, 81% of them is divided equally between the clubs; and 9% is awarded on a merit basis based on final league position.[30]
The current media rights holder is the China Sports Media Co., Ltd. (CSM, simplified Chinese: 体奥动力, pinyin: tǐ ào dòng lì) CSM bought the rights for five seasons (2016–2020) for 8 billion yuan in October 2015. On January 24, 2018, The CSL and CSM reached an agreement to extend the original five-year contract to a 10-year one (2016–2025) and to raise the price to 11 billion yuan, about 1.73 billion dollars according to the exchange rate then prevailing.[31][32]
Worldwide
[edit]Outside of China, currently IMG holds the global media rights to the Chinese Super League. The first contract was signed in 2016 for two seasons,[33] and in 2018 IMG and CSM has sealed a three-year extension.[34] The CSL is now broadcasting in 96 countries across the world.[35]
| Country/Region | Network |
|---|---|
| Australia |
SBS |
 AustriaDACH |
DAZN |
 GermanyDACH
| |
| Italy
|
OneFootball |
 SwitzerlandDACH
|
DAZN |
Balkan countries
|
SportKlub |
| Brazil |
ESPN |
 United States
| |
| Latin America | |
 Canada |
OneSoccer |
Eurasia countries
|
Setanta Sports Eurasia |
 Georgia |
Silknet |
 Hong Kong |
TVB |
 India |
FanCode |
| Israel
|
Sport 1 |
 Macau
|
TDM |
 Philippines |
Tap Sports |
 Poland |
Polsat Sport |
| Portugal |
Sport TV |
 Singapore |
Singtel |
| Spain
|
GOL PLAY |
Sub-Saharan Africa
|
StarTimes |
 Turkey |
S Sport |
^DACH - other matches also available on Sportdigital
Reserve league and Elite league
[edit]In early years the reserve league was open to all of the reserve teams from the Chinese Super League, China League One, and China League Two clubs. In 2011, the lower leagues started their own reserve league. The CSL reserve league strictly allows CSL clubs to compete, it is played at the next day of the regular league, also in home and away format, since 2018, the reserve league is held in the same venue of the regular league.
From 2014 to 2017, an elite league was held under the reserve league, restricted to players between 17 and 19 years old.
| Season | Reserve Champions | Elite Champions |
|---|---|---|
| 2004 | Shanghai Shenhua | Not Held |
| 2005 | Not Held | Not Held |
| 2006 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not Held |
| 2007 | Tianjin Teda | Not Held |
| 2008 | Wuhan Guanggu | Not Held |
| 2009 | Not Held | Not Held |
| 2010 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not Held |
| 2011 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not Held |
| 2012 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not Held |
| 2013 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not Held |
| 2014 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Shanghai Shenhua |
| 2015 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Hangzhou Greentown |
| 2016 | Shanghai SIPG | Jiangsu Suning |
| 2017 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao |
| 2018 | Jiangsu Suning | Not Held |
| 2019 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not Held |
| 2020 | Not Held | Not Held |
Youth development and Youth Super League
[edit]Since the inception of the CSL, the CFA has required all of its clubs to operate youth development, yet it was not a strict criteria until 2018. In the CSL club criteria created in 2017, clubs who could not meet the youth development programme criteria will be relegated to lower leagues.
According to the CSL club criteria, the youth teams of CSL clubs must have their own training center, coaching staff, and medical group, and a minimum of 15% of club budgets must be invested into youth programmes. CSL clubs are required to have 5 youth level teams at ages U19, U17, U15, U14 and U13. Clubs must have youth academies and introduce grassroots football plans to cooperate with local football associations, school and social corporations.
In 2017 the Youth League system was officially rebranded as Youth Super League. YSL is open to all the youth teams of all professional clubs, selected football academies and local FA training teams in China. Since 2018 the U19 Youth Super league is played with two groups of 18, a total of 36 clubs. Clubs plays home and away season with promotion and relegation introduced. The U17 and U15 Youth Super Leagues play in six regional leagues with 76 and 77 teams respectively. The U14 and U13 Youth Super leagues play in five regional leagues with 40 and 45 teams respectively.[36]
Besides the Youth Super League, there are also other tournaments for youth teams across China, including Youth Championship plays in pre-season, Youth FA cup runs during the Youth Super League fixture, and Youth Champions Cup plays in off-season.
| Season | U-19/19A Champions | U-19B Champions | U-19C Champions | U-18 Champions | U-17 Champions | U-16 Champions | U-15 Champions | U-14 Champions | U-13 Champions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2004[37] | Shanghai Shenhua | Not held | Not held | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Not held |
| 2005 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Not held | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Not held |
| 2006 | Beijing Guoan | Not held | Not held | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Not held |
| 2007 | Chongqing Lifan | Not held | Not held | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Not held |
| 2008 | Beijing Guoan | Not held | Not held | Not held | Changchun Yatai | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Not held |
| 2009 | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Not held | Not held | Changchun Yatai | Not held | Wuhan FA | Not held | Not held |
| 2010 | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Shanghai Luckystar | Not held | Not held |
| 2011[38] | Beijing Guoan | Not held | Not held | Not held | Shanghai FA | Not held | Hubei FA | Not held | Shanghai Genbao |
| 2012[39] | Jiangsu FA | Not held | Not held | Not held | Liaoning FA | Not held | Guangzhou FA | Not held | Shanghai Genbao |
| 2013 | Henan Jianye | Not held | Not held | Not held | Jiangsu FA | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Not held |
| 2014 | Shanghai Shenhua | Not held | Not held | Not held | Guangzhou R&F | Not held | Henan Jianye | Shanghai Genbao | Not held |
| 2015 | Not held | Not held | Not held | Guangdong FA | Not held | Jiangsu FA | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan |
| 2016 | Shaanxi FA | Not held | Not held | Not held | Jiangsu FA | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao |
| 2017[40] | Not held | Not held | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Changchun Yatai | Shandong Luneng Taishan |
| 2018 | Shanghai SIPG | Evergrande Football School | Not held | Not held | Shanghai Greenland Shenhua | Not held | Hubei FA | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao |
| 2019 | Guangzhou Evergrande Taobao | Shanghai Greenland Shenhua | Fujian FA | Not held | Shandong Luneng Taishan | Not held | Shandong FA | Shandong FA | Shandong FA |
| 2020 | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held | Not held |
See also
[edit]
- Football in China
- Chinese Football Association
- Chinese football champions
- Chinese football records
- Chinese FA Cup
- Chinese FA Super Cup
- Chinese Jia-A League
- China League One
- China League Two
- Chinese Champions League
- List of Chinese Super League referees
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External links
[edit]- Official website
(in Chinese) - China – List of champions at the RSSSF
- Chinese Super League at theCFA.cn
- Chinese Super League at WildEast Football
- Mathematical Predictions for Chinese Super League at MaTips
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